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Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise

游客2025-03-19  53
问题     Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知 学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
    The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
    "If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards. "
    A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
    In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims. [br] Which of the following can best raise students’ creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?
选项 A、Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with before.
B、Assigning them tasks which require inventiveness.
C、Giving them rewards they really deserve.
D、Giving them rewards they anticipate.
答案 C
解析 本题是一道根据细节判断是非类问题。问按照艾森伯格的观点，下面哪个做法能最好地激发学生的创造性。根据本文第三段的主要内容，艾森伯格指出：“如果孩子们知道他们为得到奖赏而学习，并能专心去完成相对而言具有挑战性的任务，他们则能表现出最大的创造力。但是对欠佳的表现给予奖励会造成对奖励的过分期待，很容易扼杀创造力”。意思是说奖其所值才能最大限度地提高学生们的创造性。因此本题的正确答案应是C。
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