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  3. Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called "the most widely used psy

Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called "the most widely used psy

游客2025-02-26  11
问题     Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called "the most widely used psychoactive substance on Earth. " Syn-der, Daly and Bruns have recently pro- posed that caffeine affects behavior by countering the activity in the human brain of a naturally occurring chemical called adenosine. Adenosine normally depresses neuron firing in many areas of the brain. It apparently does this by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters, chemicals that carry nerve impulses from one neuron to the next. Like many other agents that affect neuron firing, adenosine must first bind to specific receptors on neuronal membranes. There are at least two classes of these receptors, which have been designated Al and A2. Snyder et al propose that caffeine, which is structurally similar to adenosine, is able to bind to both types of receptors, which prevents adenosine from attaching there and allows the neurons to fire more readily than they oth- erwise would.
    For many years, caffeine’s effects have been attributed to its inhibition of the production of phosphodiesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the chemical called cyclic AMP. A number of neurotransmitters exert their effects by first increasing cyclic AMP concentrations in target neurons. Therefore, prolonged periods at the elevated concentrations, as might be brought about by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, could lead to a greater amount of neuron firing and, consequently, to behavioral stimulation. But Snyder et al point out that the caf- feine concentrations needed to inhibit the production of phosphodiesterase in the brain are much higher than those that produce stimulation. Moreover, other compounds that block phosphodi- esterase’s activity are not stimulants.
    To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by preventing adenosine binding, Snyder et al compared the stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in the brains of mice. "In general," they reported, "the ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors correlates with their ability to stimulate locomotion in the mouse; i. e., the higher their capacity to bind at the receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate locomotion. " Theophylline, a close structural relative of caffeine and the major stimulant in tea, was one of the most effective compounds in both regards.
    There were some apparent exceptions to the general correlation observed between adenosine-receptor binding and stimulation. One of these was a compound called 3-isobutyl-l-methylxan-thine(IBMX), which bound very well but actually depressed mouse locomo- tion. Snyder et al suggest that this is not a major stumbling block to their hypothesis. The problem is that the compound has mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with psychoac- tive drugs. Even caffeine, which is generally known only for its stimulatory effects, displays this property, depressing mouse locomotion at very low concentrations and stimulating it at higher ones. [br] The passage suggests that Snyder et al believe that if the older theory concerning caffeine’s effects were correct, which of the following would have to be the case? I . All neurotransmitters would increase the short-term concentration of cyclic AMP in target neurons. II . Substances other than caffeine that inhibit the production of phosphodiesterase would be stimulants. III . All concentration levels of caffeine that are high enough to produce stimulation would also inhibit the production of phosphodiesterase.
选项 A、I only
B、I and II only
C、I and III only
D、II and III only
E、I , II and III
答案 D
解析 如果老理论正确，下面哪种情况会发生?Snyder等人在文中第二段L39—45为论证老理论为非提到两条证据，如果老理论是对的，这两条证据就不可能成立。I．所有神经元传导物质将升高神经元中AMP的短期含量。所有(all)，在文中无法找到，L30 a number of。Ⅱ．正确。除咖啡因以外，能抑制ph产生的，也应是兴奋剂。Ⅲ．正确。所有能达到兴奋剂量的咖啡因也应同时能抑制ph的产生。∴DⅡ和Ⅲ
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