2. 职称英语
  3. All of the cells in a particular plant start out with the same complement of

All of the cells in a particular plant start out with the same complement of

游客2025-02-26  14
问题     All of the cells in a particular plant start out with the same complement of genes. How then can these cells differentiate and form structures as different as roots, stems, leaves, and fruits? The answer is that only a small subset of the genes in a particular kind of cell are expressed, or turned on, at a given time. This is accomplished by a complex sys- tern of chemical messengers that in plants include hormones and other regulatory molecules. Five major hormones have been identified: auxin, abscisic acid, cytokinin, ethylene, and gibberel- lin. Studies of plants have now identified a new class of regulatory molecules called oligosaccharide.
    Unlike the oligosaccharide, the five well-known plant hormones are pleiotropic rather than specific, that is, each has more than one effect on the growth and development of plants. The five has so many simultaneous effects that they are not very useful in artificially controlling the growth of crops. Auxin, for instance, stimulates the rate of cell elongation, causes shoots to grow up and roots to grow down, and inhibits the growth of lateral shoots. Auxin also causes the plant to develop a vascular system, to form lateral roots, and to produce ethylene.
    The pleiotropy of the five well-studied plant hormones is somewhat analogous to that of certain hormones in animal. For example, hormones from the hypothalamus in the brain stimulate the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to synthesize and release many different hormones, one of which stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex. These hormones have specific effects on target organs all over the body. One hormone stimulates the thy- roid gland, for example, another the ovarian follicle cells, and so forth. In other words, there is a hierarchy of hormones.
    Such a hierarchy may also exist in plants. Oligosaccharides are fragments of the cell wall released by enzymes: different enzymes release different oligosaccharides. There are indications that pleiotropic plant hormones may ac- tually function by activating the enzymes that release these other, more specific chemical messengers from the cell wall. [br] The author discusses animal hormones primarily in order to
选项 A、introduce the idea of a hierarchy of hormones.
B、explain the effects that auxin has on plant cells.
C、contrast the functioning of plant hormones and animals hormones.
D、illustrate the way in which particular hormones affect animals.
E、explain the distinction between hormones and regulatory molecules.
答案 A
解析 作者提动物荷尔蒙的目的：A．正确。引进荷尔蒙等级制这一概念。文中第三段提动物荷尔蒙，就是为了说明结尾L46—48一句话：关于荷尔蒙，有一个等级制存在。B．解释生长素作用，这是第二段内容。C．对比动植物荷尔蒙不同之处。文中无。D．荷尔蒙影响动物的方式。无。E．荷尔蒙和调控分子的区别。无。
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