首页
登录
职称英语
The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classic
The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classic
游客
2025-02-26
9
管理
问题
The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulat- ing options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed " intuition" to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process to thinking.
Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers dis- play a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capri-ciousness.
Isenberg’ s recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers’ intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an "Aha!" experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systemat- ic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intu- ition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.
One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that "thinking" is inseparable from acting. Since managers often "know" what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking /acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.
Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution. [br] It can be inferred from the passage that " thinking/acting cycles"(line 63)in managerial practice would be likely to result in which of the following? I . A manager analyzes a network of problems and then acts on the basis of that analysis. II . A manager gathers data by acting and observing the effects of action. III. A manager takes action without being able to articulate reasons for that particular action.
选项
A、I only
B、II only
C、I and II only
D、II and III only
E、I , II and III
答案
D
解析
“思考/行动循环”会产生什么结果?此循环即为直觉模式进行过程中所采用。I.分析一堆问题,将行动建立在分析基础上。这是传统模式内容。Ⅱ.管理者通过行动收集数据,进行行动观察效果。正确。见原文四、五段。Ⅲ.管理者行动时尚不能清楚地说出为何这样行动的原因。正确。见L59—61。∴D.Ⅱ和Ⅲ
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3973756.html
相关试题推荐
Virgowasreleasedfromprison______thesuccessfuleffortsofhisfriendstop
Lucydoesn’tlikeoutdooractivities.Heronly______islisteningtoclassicalm
对于我们而言,学会和他人紧密合作是必要的。Itisnecessaryforustolearntoworkcloselywithothers
如果你遵循这些小步骤,它们会对地球产生巨大的影响。Ifyoufollowthesesmallsteps,theycanmakeabigdi
Thefollowingdatasufficiencyproblemsconsistofaquestionandtwostatements
Whichofthefollowingistheclosestapproximationof[img]2011q3/ct_egmatqj_eg
If(x-1)2=144,whichofthefollowingcouldbethevalueof2x?A、-26B、-22C、-11
Ifx=-2,whatisthevalueof4x3?A、-32B、-24C、-8D、8E、32ARemembertofollow
Thefollowingdatasufficiencyproblemsconsistofaquestionandtwostatements
WINK,Inc.followsacertainprocedurethatrequirestwotaskstobefinishedin
随机试题
MrDuffyraisedhiseyesfromthepaperandgazedoutofhiswindowonthech
Arecentarticleindicatedthatbusinessschoolsweregoingtoencouragethe
[originaltext]M:Hi,Mary.Doyouwanttostartwritingalabreportafterwef
"Opinion"isawordthatisoftenusedcarelesslytoday.Itisusedtorefer
每笔国家助学贷款从贷款人使用之日起,需在几年内还清该笔贷款本息?A.7年
对于测试中所发现错误的管理是软件测试的重要环节,以下关于错误管理原则的叙述正确的
运行Web浏览器的计算机与网页所在的计算机要建立____连接。A.UDP B.
桥梁支座试件应在标准温度()的试验室内放置(),并在该标准温度内进行试验。A
某企业海运进口一批货物,海关审定货价折合人民币5000万元,运抵境内输入地点起卸
通过财政分配活动来增加和刺激社会的总需求的是()政策。A.扩张性财政 B.紧缩
最新回复
(
0
)