Anderson’s new theory is controversial for asserting that Britain m

游客2025-02-22 8

问题             Anderson’s new theory is controversial for asserting that Britain might
      have retained its North American empire had George Ⅲ’s ministers proceeded
      less precipitously. But as Anderson himself concedes to previous historians like
Line    Henvel and Rhimes, there was no indication whether the persistence of imperial
(5)    authority would have made much difference for any of the parties involved. At
      most, these efforts would have endowed the British government with a
      "hollow" empire, wherein the exercise of effective authority would depend on
      the consent of the colonists and their representatives. While the grip on their
      colonies was questionable, the British had no option but to curtail their
(10)    authority, and at no point was the decision to do so more than a temporary
      expedient. Once the war in French Canada was resolved, England attempted to
      terminate the costly practices of Indian gift giving and to levy new taxation.
      Under such circumstances, moreover, Britain would have been able to offer
      only limited protections to any of America’s other inhabitants, especially the
(15)    Indians whose lands in the Ohio Valley were already being encroached upon by a
      steady influx of European settlers. In a sense, the Seven Years’ War ended up
      confirming the "American" character of Britain’s North American empire, an
      entity over which metropolitan authority had never been more than tenuous.
         Anderson’s hypothesis concerning French Canada is corroborated both by
(20)    the events of the American Revolution, and, less successfully, the
      contemporaneous case of India, where the British successfully implemented the
      colonial strategy Anderson recommends. As witnessed in Iroquoia, the Mughal
      Empire’s progressive collapse during the later 1740s and 1750s drew the
      British, who had been in India as traders since the early seventeenth century,
(25)    ever more deeply into politics on the subcontinent, first as the auxiliaries of
      local grandees and eventually as political actors in their own right. When the
      East India Company governed in Bengal, it did so by virtue of cleverly acting as
      the Mughal Emperor’s diwani (a Muslim office roughly analogous to a European
      tax farmer). Despite the temptation to act unilaterally, the company’s officials
(30)    were never ignorant of the fact that they owed their authority to the cooperation
      of local elites, who in turn accepted British rule assuming they could employ it
      to their own advantage.
         Anderson notes that although there were undoubtedly the vast differences
      between them, India’s experience of British rule during the eighteenth century
(35)    points to the same devolution of imperial agency as in America. It is a pattern
      Jack P. Greene has identified as "negotiated authority", whereby the unlimited
      powers claimed by officials at the empire’s center were subject to constant
      revision by indigenous brokers on the periphery. Despite the fact that the
      Indian colonial possessions were more enduring as a result, Anderson
(40)    nevertheless fails to successfully argue that the British could have retained other
      parts of their empire for a more significant period through any of the means he
      has suggested. [br] According to Anderson’s view of colonial history, which of the following was true of the Mughal Empire’s collapse mentioned in lines 22-23? Ⅰ. It paralleled and foreshadowed the subsequent collapse of the British empire several centuries later. Ⅱ. It was a significant factor in increasing the level of British political involvement in India. Ⅲ. It helped create the post of diwani, equivalent to tax-farmer, on the Indian subcontinent.

选项 A、Ⅰ only
B、Ⅱ only
C、Ⅰ and Ⅱ only
D、Ⅱ and Ⅲ only
E、Ⅰ,Ⅱ, and Ⅲ

答案 B

解析

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