首页
登录
职称英语
Historical Changes in the European Art World 1. European artists
Historical Changes in the European Art World 1. European artists
游客
2025-02-08
25
管理
问题
Historical Changes in the European Art World
1. European artists in the Late Middle Ages were
accorded
the same social status as blacksmiths, carpenters, tailors, and other craftsmen. Whereas philosophers, musicians, and poets were seen as exercising intellectual skills, artists were not. Like other craftsmen, they were organized under the guild system.
Originally developed prior to the second millennium AD, guilds were formal organizations founded by people who practiced a similar craft, with the intention of ensuring they received fair payment for their services and fostering the exchange of knowledge among members.
In most European cities, there would be a masons’ guild, a smiths’ guild, and a carvers’ guild, along with those established by painters, sculptors, and architects. New members began as apprentices, learning from the masters of their craft, and if they demonstrated enough skill, they would one day be eligible to become master craftsmen themselves.
2. Then, in the fourteenth century, Europe entered a period of significant transformation known as the Renaissance. This term literally means "rebirth;’ as it describes an era when European scholars were rediscovering works of the Classical Greeks and Romans. Ancient texts on math, science, and philosophy, written by such figures as Plato and Cicero, became the subjects of intense study and altered the ways in which Europeans Viewed their world. From its origins in Florence, Italy, the Renaissance radiated throughout the continent and affected every aspect of the lives of the people living there.
3. The quest for Classical knowledge that characterized the Renaissance also led to a rebirth of the conception of the artist,A Depiction of nature in its true form became the ideal, and painters began to study mathematical perspective and optics in order to more realistically represent their subjects.B This emphasis on intellectual investigation distinguished the arts from the so-called mechanical crafts, and artists witnessed a
marked
improvement in their social standing. C By the 1500s, descriptions like "genius" and "divine" were being ascribed to Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and other creators of artistic masterpieces.D
4. The Renaissance also
spawned
the introduction of formal educational institutions. Called academies, the first of these, such as the Platonic Academy founded in Florence in 1438, focused on literature and scientific disciplines. Soon, though, artistic pursuits were added to the curriculum, including everything from painting to architecture. Next came the rise of academies dedicated solely to education in the arts. Rome’s Academy of St. Luke, established in 1593, was one of the most popular, and these centers quickly replaced the artists’ guilds as the premier purveyors* of artistic knowledge.
5. By the close of the Renaissance in the late seventeenth century, academies of art had spread from Italy north to other regions. French academies became highly influential, and their mission shifted from general education to the cultivation of a national artists’ movement. Whereas the early Italian academies had not charged their pupils or limited their enrollment, French academies instituted tuition and entrance examination systems to ensure that only certain students were admitted. Control was exercised by the government, and as time went on, the academies devised very specific artistic conventions that its members were expected to follow. Still emphasizing the Classical ideals that had flourished during the Renaissance,
they
came to be regarded as conservative rather than creative. The artwork of academy students was displayed in exhibitions known as salons, which were usually open only to people of high social status. Any artist whose work was not approved of by the academies was barred from participation in the salons.
6. After the French Revolution, a gradual move toward greater public access to artistic works began with the opening of the Louvre Museum in Paris in 1793. This idea caught on, and soon public art museums could be found all over Europe, loosening the hold of the powerful academies on the art world. New styles were more easily met with acceptance and new
avenues
were created through which the work of artists that the academies saw as too radical could be shown. Subsequently, the nineteenth century witnessed the introduction of many unique artistic styles, a trend which has continued to the present day.
purveyor* a person or company that provides goods or services [br] The word accorded in the passage is closest in meaning to
选项
A、elevated.
B、bestowed.
C、acclaimed.
D、applied.
答案
B
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3948445.html
相关试题推荐
HistoricalChangesintheEuropeanArtWorld1.Europeanartists
HistoricalChangesintheEuropeanArtWorld1.Europeanartists
HistoricalChangesintheEuropeanArtWorld1.Europeanartists
HistoricalChangesintheEuropeanArtWorld1.Europeanartists
HistoricalChangesintheEuropeanArtWorld1.Europeanartists
HistoricalChangesintheEuropeanArtWorld1.Europeanartists
HistoricalChangesintheEuropeanArtWorld1.Europeanartists
HistoricalChangesintheEuropeanArtWorld1.Europeanartists
HistoricalBackground→TheepicpoemBeowulf,writteninOldEnglish,i
HistoricalBackground→TheepicpoemBeowulf,writteninOldEnglish,i
随机试题
假定你是学校英语角的会员Helen,本周五该英语角将要举行一个小型聚会。现在要求你写一封邀请函,邀请该英语角的创办者JamesBrown教授来参加本次聚会。
HardworkhasbeenanimportantpartoftheAmericanbelieffromthenation’
[originaltext]FederalExpressisaprivateairlineservicewhichexpandsth
Americansareproudofmedicalachievementsmadeinthishistory.Medicalsc
热电偶与补偿导线连接、热电偶和铜导线连接进行测温时,要求接点处的温度应该是(
颈内动脉第一分支血管为A.眼动脉 B.视网膜中央动脉 C.睫状后长动脉 D
对环境产生污染的外加剂经有关部门审核批准后方可使用。
在建筑安装工程费用中,用于施工合同签订时尚未确定或者不可预见的所需材料、工程设备
Thechangeinthatvillagewasmiraculou
属于由工程承包人缴纳的税金是()。A.城市建设维护及教育附加 B.营业税
最新回复
(
0
)