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  3. Research published in May 1998 by the Department of the Environment, Transpo

Research published in May 1998 by the Department of the Environment, Transpo

游客2025-02-03  46
问题     Research published in May 1998 by the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR) showed that reducing coastal and river pollution and ensuring a reliable water supply were among the top environmental priorities for the public.
    All discharges to water in the UK require the consent of the appropriate regulatory authority. In England and Wales the Environment Agency’s principal method of controlling water pollution is through the regulation of all effluent discharges, including sewage, into groundwater, and inland and coastal waters. The Agency maintains public registers containing information about water quality, discharge consents, authorizations and monitoring. Applicants for consents to discharge have the right of appeal if they are dissatisfied with the Agency’s decision; most of these appeals are dealt with by the Planning Inspectorate, an executive agency of the DETR. In Scotland control is the responsibility of the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA), and most appeals are dealt with by the Scottish Office. In Northern Ireland the Environment and Heritage Service is responsible for controlling water pollution.
    In 1997, there were 4,717 cases in England and Wales of discharges exceeding their consented limits, including a number of offences by water companies discharging insufficiently treated sewage. The majority of these breaches did not cause any significant environmental damage. However, the Environment Agency did bring 65 cases to court, of which 61 were successful, resulting in fines ranging from ￡ 440 to ￡ 12,000 and one prison sentence of two months. In Scotland, there were 2,734 pollution incidents in 1997; SEPA seeks prosecution in all significant cases.
    In 1997 and 1998, the Government introduced statutory Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) for 33 substances in water. The new regulations give legal force for the first time to standards for some of the most dangerous pollutants found in the aquatic environment.
    In the UK, 96 percent of the population live in properties connected to a sewer, and sewage treatment works serve over 80 percent of the population. In England and Wales, the water industry is committed to an investment programme of some ￡ 11,000 million over ten years for improvements to water quality. Progressively higher treatment standards for industrial waste effluents and new measures to combat pollution from agriculture are expected to bring further improvements in water quality. In Scotland, responsibility for the provision of all water and sewerage services lies with three Water and Sewerage Authorities, covering the north, east and west of the country.
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答案     根据英国环境、交通及区域部于1998年5月公布的研究报告，减少沿海水域与河流的污染，保证供应安全用水，乃是广大公众在环保方面的当务之急。
    在英国，向水中倾倒任何东西，都需征得有关管理部门的同意。在英格兰和威尔士，环境署控制水污染的主要方法是监控一切流入地下水及内陆和沿海水域的废水，包括污水。环境署存有公开的记录，记载着水质、排放许可、授权单位、监督情况等事项。申请排放许可者如对环境署的决定不满，有权上诉，大多由计划督察团接受处理，督察团是部属的一个执行机构。在苏格兰，是由苏格兰环保署(SEPA)负责监控，上诉大多由驻苏格兰办事处接受处理。在北爱尔兰，水污染由环境与遗产局负责监控。
    1997年，在英格兰和威尔士共发生4 717起超过许可限度的排污事件，其中有一些是水公司的过错，它们排放了未经充分处理的污水。这些违规行为绝大部分都没有对环境造成重大危害。然而，环境署也的确将65起违规事件送上法庭，其中6l起环境署胜诉，判处的罚款自440镑至12 000镑不等，还有一起判处败诉方两个月徒刑。在苏格兰，1997年共发生污染事件2 734起；苏格兰环境保护署对情节严重者均予起诉。
    1997和1998年，政府实行法定环境质量标准，涉及水中33种物质。新规定使得关于在水中发现的几种最危险的污染物的标准第一次具有法律效力。
    在英国，96％人口的住宅与下水道系统相连，污水处理厂能为80％以上的人口服务。在英格兰和威尔士，水工业承诺在十年间将投资约110亿英镑，以改善水质。逐步提高工业废水处理标准，采取新措施以治理农业造成的污染，预计将会进一步提高水质。在苏格兰，三个给水排污管理局负责给水和排污的事宜，分管全国的北部、东部和西部地区。
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