首页
登录
职称英语
There is something intrinsically fascinating about the idea of evolution. Wha
There is something intrinsically fascinating about the idea of evolution. Wha
游客
2025-01-20
10
管理
问题
There is something intrinsically fascinating about the idea of evolution. What principles govern the evolution of a species? And what does evolution tell us about the place of Homosapiens in the grand order of things? The writer George Bernard Shaw held that a mystical guiding force impels life to evolve toward eventual perfection. Modern scientists may not believe in this guiding force or in the possibility of perfection, but many would agree that life has been improving itself through evolution for billions of years. (Note that this conveniently makes Homosapiens, a very recent product of evolution, one of the newest and most improved versions of life.) In the view of these scientists, constant competition among species is the engine that drives the process of evolution and people’s life upward.
To Darwin, nature was a surface covered with thousands of sharp
wedges
, all packed together and jostling for the same space. Those wedges that fared best moved toward the center of the surface, improving their position by knocking other wedges away with violent blows. The standard example that textbooks give of such competitive wedging is the interaction between the brachiopods and the clams.
Clams
were long held to be ancient undersea competitors of
brachiopods
due to the fact that the two species inhabited the same ecological niche. Clams are abundant today, whereas brachiopods (dominant in ancient times) are not. Modern clams are also physiologically more complex than brachiopods are. The standard interpretation of these facts is that the clams’ physiology was an evolutionary improvement that gave them the ability to "knock away" the brachiopods.
In recent years, however, the prominent naturalists Stephen Jay Gould and C. Brad Calloway have challenged the validity of this example as well as the model it was meant to support. Gould and Calloway found that over most geological time clams and brachiopods went their separate ways. Never did the population of brachiopods dip as that of the clams rose, or vice versa. In fact, the two populations often grew simultaneously, which belies the notion that they were fighting fiercely over the same narrow turf and resources. That there are so many more clams than brachiopods today seems rather to be a consequence of mass deaths that occurred in the Permian period. Whatever caused the mass deaths — some scientists theorize that either there were massive ecological or geological changes, or a
comet
crashed down from the heavens — clams were simply able to weather the storm much better than brachiopods.
Out of these observations, Gould and Calloway drew a number of far-reaching conclusions. For instance, they suggested that direct competition between species was far less frequent than Darwin thought. Perhaps nature was really a very large surface on which there were very few wedges, and the wedges consequently did not bang incessantly against each other. Perhaps the problem facing these wedges was rather that the surface continually altered its shape, and they had to struggle independently to stay in a good position on the surface as it changed.
So where does that leave Homosapiens if evolution is a response to sudden, unpredictable and sweeping changes in the environment rather than the result of a perpetual struggle? No longer are we the kings of the mountain who clawed our way to the top by advancing beyond other species. We are instead those who looked to the mountains when floods began to rage below and then discovered that living high up has its definite advantages, so long as our mountain doesn’t decide to turn into a volcano. [br] It can be inferred from Gould and Calloway’s findings about clams and brachiopods that
选项
A、the two species never competed for the same turf
B、they fought fiercely for the same resources
C、clams had genetic ability to evade disasters
D、brachiopods were physiologically less complex than clams
答案
A
解析
细节题。根据第3段第4句“事实上,这两个物种的数量经常同时增长,这与它们为同样狭窄的地盘和有限的资源而大打出手的观点不符”,可以排除B,同时推断A正确。根据第2段第6句“现代蛤类在生理上比腕足动物更复杂”,但并未说古代的时候便是如此,因此排除D。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3920885.html
相关试题推荐
LikeDavidBrent,Bartnall’sbossonceharbored______tobesomethinginthemusi
Thereissomethingintrinsicallyfascinatingabouttheideaofevolution.Wha
Thereissomethingintrinsicallyfascinatingabouttheideaofevolution.Wha
Thereissomethingintrinsicallyfascinatingabouttheideaofevolution.Wha
Thereissomethingintrinsicallyfascinatingabouttheideaofevolution.Wha
Thereissomethingintrinsicallyfascinatingabouttheideaofevolution.Wha
Thereissomethingintrinsicallyfascinatingabouttheideaofevolution.Wha
Shesearchedthefacesfortwobelovedones,butsomethingtoldhersoftlythat
Amanwhopubliclysayssomethingdefamatoryaboutsomeoneisreferredtoasad
Amanwhopubliclysayssomethingdefamatoryaboutsomeoneisrefferedtoasad
随机试题
FiveBadStudyHabitsIfyouhavepreparedforthetestsformanyhours,andyet
Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?[originaltext]Greetingsandintroductions
HowtoWriteJobApplicationsandResumesI.Thepreparationsfo
______byBritain’scontroloftheseas,especiallybytherisingtideofemigrat
[originaltext]Peopleenjoytakingtrips.Butwhatarethereasonstheyleav
The"fatherofwaters",theMississippiRiverisoneofthe【C1】______inth
下列有可能导致企业采取高股利政策的有( )。A.为保证企业的发展,需要扩大投资规
心脏瓣膜疾病中二尖瓣狭窄的病理生理正确的是A.肺动脉压升高,使左房压升高 B
某套利者认为豆油市场近期供应充足、需求不足导致不同月份期货合约出现不合理价差,打
(2017年真题)对于建筑设计因素对工业项目工程造价的影响,下列说法中正确的是(
最新回复
(
0
)