首页
登录
职称英语
AlphaZero seems to express insight. It plays like no computer ever has, intu
AlphaZero seems to express insight. It plays like no computer ever has, intu
游客
2025-01-18
22
管理
问题
AlphaZero seems to express insight. It plays like no computer ever has, intuitively and beautifully, with a romantic, attacking style. It plays gambits and takes risks. In some games it paralyzed Stockfish and toyed with it. While conducting its attack in Game 10, AlphaZero retreated its queen back into the corner of the board on its own side, far from Stockfish’s king, not normally where an attacking queen should be placed.
Yet this peculiar retreat was venomous: No matter how Stockfish replied, it was doomed. It was almost as if AlphaZero was waiting for Stockfish to realize, after billions of brutish calculations, how hopeless its position truly was, so that the beast could relax and expire peacefully, like a vanquished bull before a matador. Grandmasters had never seen anything like it. AlphaZero had the finesse of a
virtuoso
and the power of a machine. It was humankind’s first glimpse of an awesome new kind of intelligence.
When AlphaZero was first unveiled, some observers complained that Stockfish had been lobotomized by not giving it access to its book of memorized openings. This time around, even with its book, it got crushed again. And when AlphaZero handicapped itself by giving Stockfish ten times more time to think, it still destroyed the brute. Tellingly, AlphaZero won by thinking smarter, not faster; it examined only 60 thousand positions a second, compared to 60 million for Stockfish. It was wiser, knowing what to think about and what to ignore. By discovering the principles of chess on its own, AlphaZero developed a style of play that "reflects the truth" about the game rather than "the priorities and prejudices of programmers," Mr. Kasparov wrote in a commentary accompanying the Science article.
The question now is whether machine learning can help humans discover similar truths about the things we really care about: the great unsolved problems of science and medicine, such as cancer and consciousness; the riddles of the immune system, the mysteries of the genome.
The early signs are encouraging. Last August, two articles in Nature Medicine explored how machine learning could be applied to medical diagnosis. In one, researchers at DeepMind teamed up with clinicians at Moorfields Eye Hospital in London to develop a deep-learning
algorithm
that could classify a wide range of retinal pathologies as accurately as human experts can. (Ophthalmology suffers from a severe shortage of experts who can interpret the millions of diagnostic eye scans performed each year; artificially intelligent assistants could help enormously.)
The other article concerned a machine-learning algorithm that decides whether a CT scan of an emergency-room patient shows signs of a stroke, an intracranial hemorrhage or other critical neurological event. For stroke victims, every minute matters; the longer treatment is delayed, the worse the outcome tends to be. (Neurologists have a grim saying: "Time is brain.") The new algorithm flagged these and other critical events with an accuracy comparable to human experts—but it did so 150 times faster. A faster diagnostician could allow the most urgent cases to be triaged sooner, with review by a human radiologist.
What is frustrating about machine learning, however, is that the algorithms can’t articulate what they’re thinking. We don’t know why they work, so we don’t know if they can be trusted. AlphaZero gives every appearance of having discovered some important
@B@but sometimes mothers or siblings give us a surprise, too@C@but sometimes mothers or siblings turn out not to be genetic ones, either@D@but sometimes mothers or siblings do not show up, either principles about chess, but it can’t share that understanding with us. Not yet, at least. As human beings, we want more than answers. We want insight. This is going to be a source of tension in our interactions with computers from now on.
In fact, in mathematics, it’s been happening for years already. Consider the longstanding math problem called the four-color map theorem. It proposes that, under certain reasonable constraints, any map of contiguous countries can always be colored with just four colors such that no two neighboring countries are colored the same.
Although the four-color theorem was proved in 1977 with the help of a computer, no human could check all the steps in the argument. Since then, the proof has been validated and simplified, but there are still parts of it that entail brute-force computation, of the kind employed by AlphaZero’s chess-playing computer ancestors. This development annoyed many mathematicians. They didn’t need to be reassured that the four-color theorem was true; they already believed it. They wanted to understand why it was true, and this proof didn’t help.
(选自《纽约时报》2019年1月2日) [br] In Paragraph 6, by saying: "Time is brain.", neurologists imply that for stroke victims________.
选项
A、time is as important as brain
B、time plays the most important role
C、time is more important than brain
D、time can save brain
答案
B
解析
推断题。此句是针对中风病人治疗特点的描述,即治疗越及时,获救的机会越大。因此,时间至关重要,故正确答案为B。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3918445.html
相关试题推荐
Thecustomerexpressedher________forthatbroadhat.A、disapprovalB、distasteC、
Expressionismisanartisticstyleinwhichtheartistseekstodepictnoto
Expressionismisanartisticstyleinwhichtheartistseekstodepictnoto
Expressionismisanartisticstyleinwhichtheartistseekstodepictnoto
Expressionismisanartisticstyleinwhichtheartistseekstodepictnoto
Expressionismisanartisticstyleinwhichtheartistseekstodepictnoto
Expressionismisanartisticstyleinwhichtheartistseekstodepictnoto
Expressionismisanartisticstyleinwhichtheartistseekstodepictnoto
Expressionismisanartisticstyleinwhichtheartistseekstodepictnoto
Expressionismisanartisticstyleinwhichtheartistseekstodepictnoto
随机试题
DearMr.Hinson,Iwouldliketoconfirminwritingthearrangementsthatweagr
LeadersofChinacanexercisesoundjudgment,fortheyareall______acquaintedw
[originaltext]W:Howwillyouspendyoursummervacation?M:AtfirstIthought
在浮动汇率制下,各国的汇率是可以浮动的,但是在现实中,各国往往根据自身()等因素确立本国的汇率制度。A、经济发展水平B、金融市场规模C、开放程度
玻璃球喷头按灵敏度分为()。A.一般响应喷头 B.特殊响应喷头 C.
左房肥大的心电图改变为A.P波电压≥0.25mV B.P波低平 C.Ⅱ、Ⅲ导
某检测中心进行热轧带肋钢筋拉伸的委托检测项目,用户委托的热轧带肋钢筋试样技术参数
项目监理机构对设计成果审核后应提出( )。 A、评估报告 B、总结报告
阅读下面材料,回答问题。 “苦难是人生的一笔财富。”这是人们常说的一句激励
某项目建设一座单层库房,建筑层高为12米,占地面积50000平方米,建设一座占地
最新回复
(
0
)