首页
登录
职称英语
In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun to the h
In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun to the h
游客
2025-01-09
18
管理
问题
In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun to the humblest samurai, found themselves under financial stress. In part, this stress can be attributed to the overlords’ failure to adjust tog rapidly expanding economy, but the stress was also due to factors beyond the overlords’ control. Concentration of the samurai in castle towns had acted as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers. Since most samuri had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged to engage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensive. Overlords’ income, despite the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses. Although shortfalls in over- lords’ income resulted almost as much from laxity among their tax collectors (the nearly invitable outcome of hereditary office holding) as from their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in debt to the city rice-brokers who handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the shogun himself found it easy to recover.
It was difficult for individual samurai overloads to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not unlimited, and since the income of Japan’s central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his huge domain, the government too was con- strained. Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources for revenue. Cash profits from government -owned mines were already on the decline because the most easily worked deposits of salver and gold had been exhausted, although debasement of the coinage had compensated for the loss. Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further reclamation was technically unfeasible. Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous. This left the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government income.
Most of the country’s wealth, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants. It appeared reasonable that they should contribute part of that revenue to ease the shogun’s burden of financing the state. A means of obtaining such revenue was soon found by levying forced loans, known as goyokin; although these were not taxes in the strict sense, since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary in a- mount, they were high in yield. Unfortunately, they pushed up prices. Thus, regrettably, the Tokugawa shoguns’ search for solvency for the Government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese who lived on fixed stipends to make ends meet. [br] According to the passage, the major reason for the financial problems experienced by Japan’s feudal overload in the eighteenth Century was that ______.
选项
A、trade had fallen off
B、the coinage had been sharply debased
C、spending had outdistanced income
D、profits from mining had declined
答案
C
解析
答案在原文第一段的叙述中提到:Overlords’ income,despite the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers,failed to keep pace with their expenses.故应选C,人不敷出。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3904758.html
相关试题推荐
Manypresidentsofthecentury-oldNanjingNormalUniversity(NJNU)haveput
Everyhalfcenturyorso,aleaderemergesinhisfieldofsuchsubstancean
Duringtheearlyyearsofthiscentury,wheatwasseenastheverylifeblood
Whichofthefollowingwritersisapoetofthe20thcentury?A、T.S.Eliot.B、D.
MarkTwain,oneofthegreatest19thcenturyAmericanwriters,iswellknownfor
ThegreatdividinglinebetweenthenineteenthcenturyandthecontemporaryAmer
Amongthepioneersofthe18thcenturynovelistswereDanielDefoe,SamuelRicha
WilliamFaulknerwastheforemostAmerican_____writerofthe20thcentury.A、Ne
Almostacenturyafterhisdeath,thewell-knownFrenchauthorJulesVerneha
Almostacenturyafterhisdeath,thewell-knownFrenchauthorJulesVerneha
随机试题
Researchershavesuggestedthatone’semotionalintelligence(EQ)isagreater
TheNutrientsinFoodA)Nutrientsarethepartsoffood
哪项不符合腺样囊性癌的肿瘤(如组图)生物学行为() A.肿
秦老师按照行为表现把班里的幼儿分成“精英组”“平民组”“娱乐组”。“娱乐组”里
简述现代企业人力资源管理各个历史发展阶段的特点。
2012年3月20日,全国汽、柴油统一调价,北京市93号汽油从7.85元/升上涨
王强育有三子王大、王二、王三其妻早亡。因王二平日尽孝较多王强设立遗嘱载明:其死亡
心理学研究的理论目的是( )。A.证明心理现象和其他现象一样,都是发展、变化
A.慢性牙周炎 B.食物嵌塞 C.创伤 D.更年期 E.反引起凹坑状骨吸
地下水位以下土层的桥梁钻孔灌注桩基础施工,不应采用的成桩设备是( )。A.正循
最新回复
(
0
)