首页
登录
职称英语
In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun to the h
In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun to the h
游客
2025-01-09
37
管理
问题
In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun to the humblest samurai, found themselves under financial stress. In part, this stress can be attributed to the overlords’ failure to adjust tog rapidly expanding economy, but the stress was also due to factors beyond the overlords’ control. Concentration of the samurai in castle towns had acted as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers. Since most samuri had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged to engage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensive. Overlords’ income, despite the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses. Although shortfalls in over- lords’ income resulted almost as much from laxity among their tax collectors (the nearly invitable outcome of hereditary office holding) as from their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in debt to the city rice-brokers who handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the shogun himself found it easy to recover.
It was difficult for individual samurai overloads to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not unlimited, and since the income of Japan’s central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his huge domain, the government too was con- strained. Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources for revenue. Cash profits from government -owned mines were already on the decline because the most easily worked deposits of salver and gold had been exhausted, although debasement of the coinage had compensated for the loss. Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further reclamation was technically unfeasible. Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous. This left the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government income.
Most of the country’s wealth, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants. It appeared reasonable that they should contribute part of that revenue to ease the shogun’s burden of financing the state. A means of obtaining such revenue was soon found by levying forced loans, known as goyokin; although these were not taxes in the strict sense, since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary in a- mount, they were high in yield. Unfortunately, they pushed up prices. Thus, regrettably, the Tokugawa shoguns’ search for solvency for the Government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese who lived on fixed stipends to make ends meet. [br] According to the passage, the major reason for the financial problems experienced by Japan’s feudal overload in the eighteenth Century was that ______.
选项
A、trade had fallen off
B、the coinage had been sharply debased
C、spending had outdistanced income
D、profits from mining had declined
答案
C
解析
答案在原文第一段的叙述中提到:Overlords’ income,despite the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers,failed to keep pace with their expenses.故应选C,人不敷出。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3904758.html
相关试题推荐
Manypresidentsofthecentury-oldNanjingNormalUniversity(NJNU)haveput
Everyhalfcenturyorso,aleaderemergesinhisfieldofsuchsubstancean
Duringtheearlyyearsofthiscentury,wheatwasseenastheverylifeblood
Whichofthefollowingwritersisapoetofthe20thcentury?A、T.S.Eliot.B、D.
MarkTwain,oneofthegreatest19thcenturyAmericanwriters,iswellknownfor
ThegreatdividinglinebetweenthenineteenthcenturyandthecontemporaryAmer
Amongthepioneersofthe18thcenturynovelistswereDanielDefoe,SamuelRicha
WilliamFaulknerwastheforemostAmerican_____writerofthe20thcentury.A、Ne
Almostacenturyafterhisdeath,thewell-knownFrenchauthorJulesVerneha
Almostacenturyafterhisdeath,thewell-knownFrenchauthorJulesVerneha
随机试题
Withitscommoninterestinlawbreakingbutitsimmenserangeofsubjectmatte
Duringthe1980s,unemploymentandunderemploymentinsomecountrieswasashigh
Alltheirattemptsto______thechildfromtheburningbuildingwereinvain.A、re
ThefoundersoftheRepublicviewedtheirrevolutionprimarilyinpoliticalr
简述资本主义意识形态的核心及其主要特征。
硒的RNI为50μg/d,适用于18岁以上者。( )
患者女性,24岁。孕37周,在家起床排便时,突然全身抽搐,持续约1分钟,家人即将
酒店服务员负责看管清扫房间的数量为每人5间,这种定额为()A.时间定额 B.
下列观点,对应正确的是()。A.朴素唯物主义,天地合而万物生,阴阳接而变化
技术方案的偿还能力是指分析和判断财务主体的偿还能力,其主要指标不包括()。A、
最新回复
(
0
)