首页
登录
职称英语
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement t
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement t
游客
2025-01-06
22
管理
问题
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol ingestion as reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant ones. In the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks.
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach - avoidance Situation. Conger trained one group rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior come only later, Tile learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the cue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: Conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout.
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some. cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking.
Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in &inking water, psychologists have been able to induce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other re- searchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. in this manner, animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms. [br] The author maintains that habituation to excessive alcohol consumption can be learned.The method employed to do so, experimentally, which used reinforcement is ______.
选项
A、the introduction of alcohol into the bloodstream by infection
B、the increase of the concentration of alcohol in the subject’s drinking water
C、the use of anxiety in an avoidance - approach pattern
D、increasing the amount of alcohol the subject must drink each time before giving it a reward
答案
D
解析
最后一段第三句用了两种方法实验,第一种是机械的,第二种是通过加强刺激。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3901364.html
相关试题推荐
Oneofthemanytheoriesaboutalcoholismisthelearningandreinforcementt
Oneofthemanytheoriesaboutalcoholismisthelearningandreinforcementt
LearningforItsOwnSakeForme,scientifick
[originaltext]Israelsentintroopreinforcementstocombatmilitantswhoha
In______,linguistsprobeintothepossibilityofcombininglinguistictheories
Theoriesarelikeapples;therearegoodonesandtherearebadones.Agood
Ourtheoriesabouthumandiseasearetheproductofcurrentfashion【M1】__
Ourtheoriesabouthumandiseasearetheproductofcurrentfashion【M1】__
Ourtheoriesabouthumandiseasearetheproductofcurrentfashion【M1】__
Ourtheoriesabouthumandiseasearetheproductofcurrentfashion【M1】__
随机试题
Whatisthemainreasonforhavingthefair?[br][originaltext]W:Areyougoin
HolidayBluesFormostofus
Whatisthemoststrikingimagetoemergefromthisautumn’sOccupyprotest
根据质量事故的情况,事故的技术处理方案包括( )。A.修补处理 B.返工处理
以下不属于项目借款人分析的内容的是()。A.借款人生产经营状况和经济技术实
最易并发中枢神经系统白血病的是A:急性淋巴细胞白血病B:急性单核细胞白血病C
Thechangeinthatvillagewasmiraculou
下列关于消防车道的说法中,正确的是()。A.对于沿街道部分的长度大于150m或
不视为专利侵权的是A.专利用尽后再制造、进口专利产品 B.专利申请日前已经生产
下列责任中,属于行政处分的有()。A.罚款 B.记大过 C.责令停产停
最新回复
(
0
)