首页
登录
职称英语
The Economic Situation of Japan in the 18th Century In the eight
The Economic Situation of Japan in the 18th Century In the eight
游客
2024-12-27
11
管理
问题
The Economic Situation of Japan in the 18th Century
In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun to the humblest samurai, found themselves under financial stress. In part, this stress can be attributed to the overlords’ failure to adjust to a rapidly expanding economy, but the stress was also due to factors beyond the overlords’ control. Concentration of the samurai in castletowns had acted as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers. Since most samuri had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged to engage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensive. Overlords’ income, despite the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses. Although shortfalls in overlords’ income resulted almost as much from laxity among their tax collectors (the nearly invitable outcome of hereditary officeholding) as from their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in debt to the city rice - brokers who handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the shogun himself found it easy to recover.
It was difficult for individual samurai overloads to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not unlimited, and since the income of Japan’s central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his huge domain, the government too was constrained. Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources for revenue. Cash profits from government - owned mines were already on the decline because the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold had been exhausted, although debasement of the coinage had compensated for the loss. Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further reclamation was technically unfeasible. Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous. This left the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government income.
Most of the country’s wealth, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants. It appeared reasonable that they should contribute part of that revenue to ease the shogun’s burden of financing the state. A means of obtaining such revenue was soon found by levying forced loans, known as goyo - kin; although these were not taxes in the strict sense, since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount, they were high in yield. Unfortunately, they pushed up prices. Thus, regrettably, the Tokugawa shoguns’ search for solvency for the Government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese who lived on fixed stipends to make ends meet. [br] The passage suggests that, in eighteenth - century Japan, the office of tax collector ______.
选项
A、remained within families
B、took up most of the officeholder’s time
C、was regarded with derision by many Japanese
D、was a source of personal profit to the officeholder
答案
A
解析
答案见第一段后半部分括号中内容。应选C,家族继承。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3886656.html
相关试题推荐
Withtheconstructoroftherailwaysinthe19thcentury,anewsociological
SayingthatPabloPicassodominatedWesternartinthe20thcenturyis,byn
SayingthatPabloPicassodominatedWesternartinthe20thcenturyis,byn
SayingthatPabloPicassodominatedWesternartinthe20thcenturyis,byn
SayingthatPabloPicassodominatedWesternartinthe20thcenturyis,byn
SayingthatPabloPicassodominatedWesternartinthe20thcenturyis,byn
SayingthatPabloPicassodominatedWesternartinthe20thcenturyis,byn
Intheeighteenthcentury,Japan’sfeudaloverlords,fromtheshoguntothe
Intheeighteenthcentury,Japan’sfeudaloverlords,fromtheshoguntothe
Intheeighteenthcentury,Japan’sfeudaloverlords,fromtheshoguntothe
随机试题
EachofQuestions1to7presentstwoquantities.QuantityAandQuantityB.Com
Soviet’sNewWorkingWeekHistorianinvestigateshowStalinchangedthecalendar
女士们、先生们,朋友们:在中国农历新年伊始,我很荣幸访问英国,并出席“时代中国”活动开幕式。我谨代表中国政府,对“时代中国”活动的隆重开幕表示热烈祝贺
______nofurtherbusiness,theChairmanclosedthemeeting.A、ThereisB、Therew
关于难免流产下列哪项是正确的A.流产已不可避免 B.妊娠产物已部分排出体外
女性,28岁。近4天来出现低热、刺激性干咳,伴左侧胸痛。查体:双肺叩诊清音,双肺
A. B. C. D.
2018年6月6日,甲公司在P银行开立主办账户,并与其签订协议开通
根据《标准施工招标文件》,施工合同履行过程中发生过程变更时,由( )向承包人发出
某施工项目经理对商品混凝土的施工成本进行分析,发现其目标成本是44万元,实际成本
最新回复
(
0
)