首页
登录
职称英语
I. Plato’s idea of goodness and justiceA. A good and just society depends on (1
I. Plato’s idea of goodness and justiceA. A good and just society depends on (1
游客
2024-12-26
13
管理
问题
I. Plato’s idea of goodness and justice
A. A good and just society depends on (1)______of 3 groups of people: (1)______
— workers
— soldiers
— leaders
B. A good society can happen if workers and soldiers learn (2)______. (2)______
C. A person can be said to be good, Plato believes, if he brings
— desires
— emotions
— intellect
in (3)______ (3)______
II. Aristotle’s idea of Happiness
A. Aristotle is interested in (4)______ (4)______
Distinction between
1. extrinsic value &
2. intrinsic value
B. Distinction
1. extrinsic value not for themselves
2. intrinsic value (5)______ (5)______
e.g. 1. Exercise
If one emphasis the value of exercise for itself than he recognize
(6)______value of exercises (6)______
2. Health
If health enables me to do a lot of other things ,then health had (7)______(7)______
3. teaching
Teaching does not have (8)______for all people. (8)______
C. Happiness
1. All agree that happiness is (9)______to be valued for itself and only (9)______
for itself.
2. What is happiness?
His criteria is True human happiness should be the (10)______ (10)______ [br]
Aristotle’s Theory of Happiness
Today, we are going to discuss Aristotle’s ethical theory. Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher. What Aristotle’s ethical theory all about is to show you how to be happy—what true happiness is.
Now, why is he interested in human happiness? It’s not just because it’s something that all people want or aim for. It’s more than that. But to get there we need to first make a very important distinction. Let me introduce a couple of technical terms: extrinsic value and intrinsic value.
To understand Aristotle’s interest in happiness, you need to understand this distinction.
Some things we aim for and value, not for themselves but for what they bring about in addition to themselves. If I value something as a means to something else, then it has what we will call "extrinsic value.?" Other things we desire and hold to be valuable for themselves alone. If we value something not as a means to something else, but for its own sake, let us say that it has "intrinsic value."
Exercise. There may be some people who value exercise for itself, but I don’t. I value exercise because if I exercise, I tend to stay healthier than I if I didn’t. So I desire to engage in exercise and I value exercise extrinsically ... not for its own sake, but as a means to something beyond it. It brings me good health.
Health. Why do I value good health? Well, here it gets a little more complicated for me. Urn, health is important for me because I can’t... do other things I want to do—play music, teach philosophy—if I’m ill. So health is important to me—as value to me—as a means to a productive life. But health is also important to me because I just kind of like to be healthy—it feels good. It’s pleasant to be healthy, unpleasant not to be. So to some degree I value health both for itself and as a means to something else: productivity. It’s got extrinsic and intrinsic value for me.
Then there are some things that are just valued for themselves. I’m a musician, not a professional musician; I just play a musical instrument for fun. Why do I value playing music? Well, like most amateur musicians, I only play, because, well, I enjoy it. It’s something that’s an end in itself.
Now, something else I value is teaching. Why? Well, it brings in a modest income, but I could make more money doing other things. I’d do it even if they didn’t pay me. I just enjoy teaching. In that sense it’s an end to itself.
But teaching’s not something that has intrinsic value for all people—and that’s true generally. Most things that are enjoyed in and of themselves vary from person to person. Some people value teaching intrinsically, but others don’t.
So how does all this relate to human happiness? Well, Aristotle asks: is there something that all human beings value ... and value only intrinsically, for its own sake and only for.its own sake? If you could find such a thing, that would be the universal final good, or truly the ultimate purpose or goal for all human beings. Aristotle thought the answer was yes. What is it? Happiness. Everyone will agree, he argues, that happiness is the ultimate end to be valued for itself and really only for itself. For what other purpose is there in being happy? What does it yield? The attainment of happiness becomes the ultimate or highest good for Aristotle.
The next question that Aristotle raises is: what is happiness? We all want it; we all desire it; we all seek it. It’s the goal we have in life. But what is it? How do we find it? Here he notes, with some frustration, people disagree.
But he does give us a couple of criteria, or features, to keep in mind as we look for what true human happiness is. True human happiness should be, as he puts it, complete. Complete in that it’s all we require. Well, true human happiness ... if you had that, what else do you need? Nothing.
And, second, true happiness should be something that I can obtain on my own. I shouldn’t have to rely on other people for it. Many people value fame and seek fame. Fame for them becomes the goal. But, according to Aristotle, this won’t work either, because fame depends altogether too much on other people. I can’t get it on my own, without help from other people.
Now, we have learned about Aristotle’s ethical theory. I hope you’ll find it useful in guiding your own life and make it a happy one.
选项
答案
exercise of reason
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3885988.html
相关试题推荐
Etiquettetoasocietyiswhatapparelistotheindividual.Withoutapparel
Clearlyifwearetoparticipateinthesocietyinwhichwelivewemust
Clearlyifwearetoparticipateinthesocietyinwhichwelivewemust
Clearlyifwearetoparticipateinthesocietyinwhichwelivewemust
Clearlyifwearetoparticipateinthesocietyinwhichwelivewemust
Clearlyifwearetoparticipateinthesocietyinwhichwelivewemust
Clearlyifwearetoparticipateinthesocietyinwhichwelivewemust
Whatmightdrivingonanautomatedhighwaybelike?Theanswerdependso
Whatmightdrivingonanautomatedhighwaybelike?Theanswerdependso
Whatmightdrivingonanautomatedhighwaybelike?Theanswerdependso
随机试题
"Thisisthehappiestdayofmylife!"SosaysMaciBookout,accordingto
爱好是一个人从事某种确定活动的心理倾向。()
从客户的角度看,下列哪些因素直接表明健康服务质量()A.服务提供者的可靠度 B
关于设计概算的调整,下列说法正确的是()。A:若设计概算已通过批准,则不得调整
在证券公司、证券投资咨询机构发布的证券研究报告中,应当载明的事项包括()
19.在高压设备上工作,应至少由两人进行,并完成保证安全的组织措施和
中年女性,胸骨后甲状腺肿伴甲亢,拟行手术治疗。术前准备是A.无须做术前准备 B
关于应付款项的函证程序,下列说法不正确的是()。A.必须要对应付款项实施函证程序
房地产开发企业以房地产投资额、税费、行业利润水平等因素为基础,确定房地产价格的方
(2020年真题)甲公司2019年度利润总额300万元,预缴企业所得税税额60万
最新回复
(
0
)