Agriculture in BritainI. British agriculture and its su

Agriculture in Britain
    Good morning, everybody. I’m Elizabeth Reed. I hope that this first session, which I’ve called An Introduction to British Agriculture, will provide a helpful background to the farm visits you’ll be doing next week.
    With more of us living in urban environments, far removed from the countryside, it is easy to loose touch with the origins of the rural environments that surround our towns and cities. I think I should start by emphasizing that agriculture still accounts for a very important part of this country’s economy. You might have a doubt about it, as we are so used to hearing the UK’s society and economy described as being "industrial" or even "post-industrial". (1) But we mustn’t let this blind us to the fact that agriculture and its supporting industries still account for around 26% of our Gross National Product.
    This figure is especially impressive, I think, when you bear in mind how very small a percentage of the UK workforce is employed in agriculture. This is not a recent development—you would have to go back to 1750 or so to find a majority of the workforce in this country working in agriculture. By the middle of the next century, in 1850 that is, it had fallen sharply to 10%, and then to 3% by the middle of the twentieth century.
    And now just 2% of the workforce contribute 20% of GNP. How is this efficiency achieved? Well, my own view is that it owes a great deal to a history, over the last 50 or 60 years, of intelligent support by the state, mainly taking the form of helping farmers to plan ahead. (2) Then the two other factors I should mention, both very important, are the high level of training amongst the agricultural workforce. (3) And secondly, the recognition by farmers of the value of investing in technology is also a remarkable factor. Since World War II farming has largely remained on a secure footing to become a true business — "agribusiness". It has brought visible changes to the British countryside; the most noticeable being the removal of hedges to enlarge fields so that large-scale mechanised planting and harvesting can take place, aided by pesticides and fertilizers. A field that would once has taken days to prepare, or sow, or harvest by hand, can now be achieved in hours. Such is the sophistication at the top end of the agricultural industry that computer aided technologies can "map" fields; allowing farmers to deliver extra fertiliser, nutrients or seed depending on the soil quality in different parts of the terrain, and thereby optimize output.
    Now, although the UK is a fairly small country, the geology and climate vary a good deal from region to region. For our purpose today we can divide the country broadly into three. The region you will get to know the best, of course, is the north, where we are at present. (5) The land here is generally hilly, and the soil thin. The climate up here, and you’ve already had evidence of this, is generally cool and wet. As you will see next week, the typical farm here in the North is a small, family-run concern, producing mainly wool and timber for the market. In some areas such as Scotland and northern England an "infield-outfield" system of land use occurred. Fields nearest to a village were permanently used for cropping while those beyond were grazed. Beyond the "outfields" there would be waste land for common pasture, or moorland in the case of upland areas. These waste lands in both highland and lowland situations, were the only source of new lands and were frequently reclaimed to form new enclosed farm holdings.
    If we contrast that with the Eastern region, the east is flatter and more low-lying, with fertile soils and a mixed climate. Average farm-size is much bigger in the east, and farms are likely to be managed strictly on commercial lines. As for crops, well, the east is the UK’s great cereal-producing region. However, increasingly significant areas are now also given over to high quality vegetables for supply direct to the supermarkets.
    The third broad region is the west, where it’s a different story again. The climate is warmer than that in the north and (7) much wetter than that in the east. The resulting rich soils in the west (8) provide excellent pasture, and the farms there are quite large, typically around 800 hectares. The main products are milk, cheese and meat.
    So, clearly, there are marked differences between regions. (9) But this does not prevent quite a strong sense of solidarity amongst the farming community as a whole, right across the country. This solidarity comes in part from the need to present a united front in dealing with other powerful interest-groups, such as government or the media. (10) It also owes something to the close cooperation between all the agricultural training colleges, through which the great majority of farmers pass at the beginning of their careers. And a third factor making for solidarity is the national structure of the Farmers’ Union, of which virtually all farmers are members.
    Finally, I’d like to sum up this talk. I first emphasized the importance of agriculture in British economy and the factors that stablise its firm status, then I moved on to detail its current situations by dividing the country into three regions, in the end, I explained the common phenomenon between regions. All right, that is all for today. I wish you would enjoy your farm visits next week.