A recent study, published in last week’s Journal of the American Medical Asso

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问题 A recent study, published in last week’s Journal of the American Medical Association, offers a picture of how risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver. Indeed, a 16-year-old driver with three or more passengern is three times as likely to have a fatal accident as a teenager driving alone. By contrast, the risk of death for drivers between 30 and 59 decreases with each additional passenger.
The authors also found that the death rates for teenage drivers increased dramatically after 10 p.m., and especially after midnight. With passengers in the car, the driver was even more likely to die in a late-night accident.
Robert Foss, a scientist at the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, says the higher death rates for teenage drivers have less to do with "really stupid behavior" than with just a lack of driving experience. "The basic issue" he says. "is that adults who are responsible for issuing licenses fail to recognize how complex and skilled a task driving is."
Both he and the author of the study believe that the way to mitigate the problem is to have states institute so-called graduated licensing systems in which getting a license is a multistage process. A graduated license requires that a teenager first prove himself capable of driving in the presence of an adult followed by a period of driving with night or passenger restrictions before graduating to full driving privileges.
Graduated licensing systems have reduced teenage driver crashes according to recent studies. About half of the states now have some sort of graduated licensing system in place, but only l0 of those states have restrictions on passengers. California is the stricter, with a novice driver prohibited from carrying any passenger under 20 (without the presence of an adult over 25) for the first six months. [br] The present situation in about half of the states is that the graduated licensing system ______

选项 A、is under discussion
B、is about to be set up
C、has been put into effect
D、has been perfected

答案 C

解析根据最后一段第二句中的"About half of the states now have some sort of graduated licensing system in place"，便可以肯定C 正确。(另外，如果选择项D 正确，那么根据逻辑关系C 也应该是正确，由此可见D 不可能是正确的，可将其排除。

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