首页
登录
职称英语
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity
游客
2024-08-12
48
管理
问题
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle class behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon absorbs the newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life.
Every code of etiquette has contained three elements, basic moral duties, practical rules which promote efficiency and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance.
In the first category are considerations for the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents’ presence without asking permission.
Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible, before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that after spitting a person should rub the spit inconspicuously underfoot.
Extremely refined behaviour, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behaviour in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France.
Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castle from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence liter ature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.
In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behaviour of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name.
Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest. [br] The requisite basis of ______ are roughly the same.
选项
答案
all good manners
解析
(最后一段第一句提到Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary.即,所有良 好的礼节的基本原则都差不多。)
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3717288.html
相关试题推荐
In1908,thefirstinternationalrugbymatchwas________inParisbetweenFrance
Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waningprosperity
Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waningprosperity
In1971,agroupofdoctorsgottogetherinFranceandcreatedanorganizat
In1971,agroupofdoctorsgottogetherinFranceandcreatedanorganizat
In1971,agroupofdoctorsgottogetherinFranceandcreatedanorganizat
In1971,agroupofdoctorsgottogetherinFranceandcreatedanorganizat
In1971,agroupofdoctorsgottogetherinFranceandcreatedanorganizat
In1971,agroupofdoctorsgottogetherinFranceandcreatedanorganizat
TheWarof1812wasfoughtbetween______.A、BritainandFranceB、FranceandtheU
随机试题
"WhenEnglanddiscardsRoastBeef,"wroteDr.HunterofYorkin1806,"wem
Theresearchgrouphassubmittedareport,(suggest)______reformstobemade.s
根据《建筑工程施工质量验收统一标准》(GB50300—2013),建筑工程质量验
女孩15岁,因身材矮小就诊,查体:身高135cm,体重45kg,发际低,颈侧皮肤
结节性多动脉炎的主要治疗用药为A、降压药物 B、非甾体抗炎药 C、皮质激素
房地产经纪人执业资格注册登记、核发注册证书工作由( )负责。A:人力资源和社会
静脉注射某药,X=60mg,初始血药浓度为10μg/ml,则表观分布容积V为A.
在人力资源管理实践的选择中不包括( )的选择A.职位分析与职位设计 B.招募
下列关于等待期内每个资产负债表日的处理,正确的有( )。A.企业应当在等待期内的
IG541混合气体灭火系统应用的场所有( )。A.电子计算机房 B.油浸变压
最新回复
(
0
)