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  3. In China calligraphy occupies a distinguished position in the field of tradit

In China calligraphy occupies a distinguished position in the field of tradit

游客2024-08-05  5
问题    In China calligraphy occupies a distinguished position in the field of traditional art. It is not only a means of communication , but also a means of expressing a person’s inner world in an aesthetic sense.

   Ancient people paid great attention to calligraphy. It was the essential whereby a candidate could manifest his literary talent in the Imperial Examination, for it gave a first impression to the examiners. Children of high officials had to learn and try to write a good hand: even emperors themselves were good at calligraphy, for example, the versatile Emperor Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty(1644—1911)has left us many examples of his handwriting on steles in temples and palaces.
   To practice calligraphy requires the basic tools of "four treasures of study"(writing brush, ink stick, paper, and ink slab)as well as much concentration on guiding the soft writing brush charged with fluid ink, and writing on the paper where the ink will diffuse quickly. Once the brush movement hesitates, a black mark is created, so speed, strength and agility are the essence of fine artworks. When writing, many calligraphers will forget all worries and even themselves, combining all thoughts in the beauty of their art. Thus it can be compared with Qigong, which also can mould and improve a person’s temper and promote well being.
   Calligraphy, like a mirror, is a silent reflection of the soul. It is believed to have verve, optimism , moderateness, or pessimism. Su Dongpo, one of the four litterateurs in the Song Dynasty(960—1279), composed many bold and unconstrained "ci"(a form of poetry that flourished in the Song Dynasty), also could write handsome characters in good taste.
   Today, although various modern ways have been substituted for the original calligraphy, especially that created with a writing brush, people still love the ancient form and practise it untiringly. During the traditional festivals, propitious couplets are always indispensable decorations each written in a beautiful style.
   Calligraphy has endured for more than 2, 000 years, and evolved into five main ways of writing each with different techniques. Even today, these are still followed and practised often as a hobby.
   Just as it is an art practised in western cultures so Chinese writing is a leading component in the four traditional arts, namely, lute-playing, chess, calligraphy and painting. With the unification of the Chinese people by the Qin Dynasty(221 BC—206 BC)the Prime Minister Li Si actively promoted a unified form of writing based on inscriptions on bronze wares of previous states. This was the first example—known as "seal character"(Zhuanshu). Calligraphers of seal character stress a slender font, even speed and strength, and even thick lines and strokes. When seen as a whole, this is quite round and contracted.
   In the Eastern Han Dynasty(25—220), people tended to simplify the seal character which had many strokes and created the official script. The new calligraphy appeared to be neater and delicate, turning the round style into a flat one. When beginning to write a horizontal line, one must let the brush go against the direction of point like a silkworm, and concentrate on stretching steadily, then end up with warp like a swallow’s tail. This is one of the characteristics—"silkworm’s head and swallow’s tail".
   Just as the name implies, the regular script features its regularity and varies from the flat font to a square one. In Chinese, it provides a model that can be followed by calligraphy lovers. It has developed since the late Han Dynasty and is today’s most popular and influential writing style. The Sage of Calligraphy, Wang Xizhi led the art of calligraphy to its summit. It is recorded that when a carpenter was asked to engrave the wooden stele where there were characters written by Wang Xizhi, he found the ink had filtered into the wood piece "three fen" deep(3. 3cm or 1. 3 inch)! This demonstrated the magnitude of his force and people admired him all the more because of it. The period when regular script thrived most was during the Tang Dynasty(618—907), when Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan successively established schools of their own styles noted for their strength and mellowness.
Questions 71 to 75
Complete the summary below with information from the passage, using no more than three words for each blank.
Calligraphy occupies a distinguished position in the field of traditional art. It is a means of communication , and can also reflect a person’s【E1】______. In the ancient times, people attended the Imperial Examination to show their【E2】______. Calligraphy was the first impression to the examiners. To practise calligraphy requires the basic tools of "four treasures of study"—writing brush, ink stick, paper, and ink slab.【E3】______, strength and agility are the essence of fine artworks. It is also a way to mould and improve a person’s temper and【E4】______. Calligraphy has endured for more than 2,000 years, and evolved into five main ways of writing each with different techniques. In the Qin Dynasty, the Prime Minister Li Si actively promoted a unified form of writing which later developed into "seal character". In the Eastern Han Dynasty, people simplified the seal character that had many strokes and created the official script, which appeared to be【E5】______. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Wang Xizhi, the Sage of Calligraphy, led the art of calligraphy to its summit. [br] 【E5】
选项
答案 neater and delicate
解析 (由文章倒数第二段开头“The new calligraphy appeared to be nearer and delicate，turning the round style into a flat one”可知，东汉的新书法显得更为紧凑而精致，风格从圆润转变为平直。)
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