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Seven Ways to Save the World Forget the old idea

游客2024-06-18  14
问题                            Seven Ways to Save the World
    Forget the old idea that conserving energy is a form of self-denial -- riding bicycles, dimming the lights, and taking fewer showers. These days conservation is all about efficiency: getting the same -- or better -- results from just a fraction of the energy. When a slump in business travel forced Ulrich Romer to cut costs at his family-owned hotel in Germany, he replaced hundreds of the hotel’s wasteful light bulbs, getting the same light for 80 percent less power. He bought a new water boiler with a digitally controlled pump, and wrapped insulation around the pipes. Spending about Є100,000 on these and other improvements, he slashed his Є90,000 fuel and power bill by Є60,000  As a bonus, the hotel’s lower energy needs have reduced its annual carbon emissions by more than 200 metric tons. "For us, saving energy has been very, very profitable," he says. "And most importantly, we’re not giving up a single comfort for our guests."
    Efficiency is also a great way to lower carbon emissions and help slow global warming. But the best argument for efficiency is its cost -- or, more precisely, its profitability. That’s because quickly growing energy demand requires immense investment in new supply, not to mention the drain of rising energy prices.
    No wonder efficiency has moved to the top of the political agenda. On Jan. 10, the European Union unveiled a plan to cut energy use across the continent by 20 percent by 2020. Last March, China imposed a 20 percent increase in energy efficiency by 2020. Even George W. Bush, the Texas oilman, is expected to talk about energy conservation in his State of the Union speech this week.
    The good news is that the world is full of proven, cheap ways to save energy. Here are the seven that could have the biggest impact:
Insulate
    Space heating and cooling eats up 36 percent of all the world’s energy. There’s virtually no limit to how much of that can be saved, as prototype "zero-energy homes" in Switzerland and Germany have shown. There’s been a surge in new ways of keeping heat in and cold out (or vice versa). The most advanced insulation follows the law of increasing returns: if you add enough, you can scale down or even eliminate heating and air-conditioning equipment, lowering costs even before you start saving on utility bills. Studies have shown that green workplaces (ones that don’t constantly need to have the heat or air-conditioner running) have higher worker productivity and lower sick rates.
Change Bulbs
    Lighting eats up 20 percent of the world’s electricity, or the equivalent of roughly 600,000 tons of coal a day. Forty percent of that powers old-fashioned incandescent light bulbs -- a 19th-century technology that wastes most of the power it consumes on unwanted heat.
    Compact fluorescent lamps, or CFLs, not only use 75 to 80 percent leas electricity than incandescent bulbs to generate the same amount of light, but they also last 10 times longer, Phasing old bulbs out by 2030 would save the output of 650 power plants and avoid the release of 700 million tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year.
Comfort Zone
    Water boilers, space heaters and air conditioners have been notoriously inefficient. The heat pump has altered that equation. It removes heat from the air outside or the ground below and uses it to supply heat to a building or its water supply. In the summer, the system can be reversed to cool buildings as well.
    Most new residential buildings in Sweden are already heated with ground-source heat pumps. Such systems consume almost no conventional fuel at all. Several countries have used subsidies to jumpstart the market, including Japan, where almost 1 million heat pumps have been installed in the past two years to heat water for showers and hot tubs.
Remake Factories
    From steel mills to paper factories, industry eats up about a third of the world’s energy. The opportunities to save are vast. In Ludwigshafen, German chemicals giant BASF runs an interconnected complex of more than 200 chemical factories, where heat produced by one chemical process is used to power the next. At the Ludwigshafen site alone, such recycling of heat and energy, saves the company Є200 million a year and almost half its CO2 emissions. Now BASF is doing the same for new plants in China. "Optimizing (优化) energy efficiency is a decisive competitive advantage," says BASF CEO Jurgen Hambrecht.
Green Driving
    A quarter of the world’s energy -- including two thirds of the annual production of oil -- is used for transportation. Some savings come free of charge: you can boost fuel efficiency by 6 percent simply by keeping your car’s tires properly inflated (充气). Gasoline-electric hybrid (混合型的) models like the Toyota Prius improve mileage by a further 20 percent over conventional models.
A Better Fridge
    More than half of all residential power goes into running household appliances, producing a fifth of the world’s carbon emissions. And that’s true even though manufacturers have already hiked the efficiency of refrigerators and other white goods by as much as 70 percent since the 1980s. According to an International Energy Agency study, if consumers chose those models that would save them the most money over the life of the appliance, they’d cut global residential power consumption (and their utility bills) by 43 percent.
Flexible Payment
    Who says you have to pay for all your conservation investments? "Energy service contractors" will pay for retrofitting (翻新改造) in return for a share of the client’s annual utility-bill savings. In Beijing, Shenwu Thermal Energy Technology Co. specializes in retrofitting China’s steel furnaces. Shenwu puts up the initial investment to install a heat exchanger that preheats the air going into the furnace, slashing the client’s fuel costs. Shenwu pockets a cut of those savings, so both Shenwu and the client profit.
    If saving energy is so easy and profitable, why isn’t everyone doing it? It has to do with psychology and a lack of information. Most of us tend to look at today’s price tag more than tomorrow’s potential savings. That holds double for the landlord or developer, who won’t actually see a penny of the savings his investment in better insulation or a better heating system might generate. In many people’s minds, conservation is still associated with self-denial. Many environmentalists still push that view.
    Smart governments can help push the market in the right direction. The EU’s 1994 law on labeling was such a success that it extended the same idea to entire buildings last year. To boost the market value of efficiency, all new buildings are required to have an "energy pass" detailing power and heating consumption. Countries like Japan and Germany have successively tightened building codes, requiring an increase in insulation levels but leaving it up to builders to decide how to meet them.
    The most powerful incentives, of course, will come from the market itself. Over the past year, sky-high fuel prices have focused minds on efficiency like never before. Ever-increasing pressure to cut costs has finally forced more companies to do some math on their energy use.
    Will it be enough? With global demand and emissions rising so fast, we may not have any choice but to try. Efficient technology is here now, proven and cheap. Compared with all other options, it’s the biggest, easiest and most profitable bang for the buck.
选项 A、Raising efficiency.
B、Cutting unnecessary costs.
C、Finding alternative resources.
D、Sacrificing some personal comforts.
答案 A
解析 本题问“据说当今节能最好的办法是什么?”根据题文中“the best way to conserve energy nowadays”可将相关部分定位于全文第一自然段，其中第一、二句话提到“Forget the old idea that conserving energy is a form of self-denial...  These days conservation is all about efficiency：getting the same— or better— results from just a fraction of the energy．”，即“过去人们认为节能是一种自我节制的形式……而现在节能关注的是效率问题，就是从小部分能量中得到同样的甚至是更好的效果。”也就是说，节能在于提高效率。因此A项“提高效率”正确。B项“削减不必要的耗费”、C项“寻找替代能源”文中均未提到。D项“牺牲某些个人的舒适”，这是过去“self-denial(自我节制)”的看法。
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