Psychologists take opposing views of how【C1】______rewards, from warm praise

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问题 Psychologists take opposing views of how【C1】______rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviourists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of【C2】______life,【C3】______those rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters,【C4】______among educators. But the careful use of small【C5】______rewards sparks in grade-school children suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed【C6】______inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
"If they know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively【C7】______task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much【C8】______for rewards."
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and 【C9】______falling grades.
In earlier grades, the use of so-called【C10】______economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
A)maintain B)challenging C)eliminate D)internal
E)hinder F)especially G)restore H)monetary
I)ordinary J)aid K)external L)anticipation
M)generally N)token O)mental [br] 【C10】

选项

答案 N

解析此处应填名词或形容词。根据句意In earlier grades，the use of so-called 10 economies，in which students handle challenging problems and receiveperformance—based points toward valued rewards…即“在较低的年级．实行制度，即学生处理挑战性的问题，根据其表现评分，以此决定得到什么价值的奖励”。可知所缺空内容应该和valued rewards意思一致，选项中token“代币”意思接近。另外，如果学生有词汇积累，token economies有“标记奖励法，代币方法”的意思，进一步确认答案为token。

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Psychologists take opposing views of how【C1】______rewards, from warm praise

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