Psychologists take opposing views of how【C1】______rewards, from warm praise

游客2024-04-21 48

问题 Psychologists take opposing views of how【C1】______rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviourists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of【C2】______life,【C3】______those rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters,【C4】______among educators. But the careful use of small【C5】______rewards sparks in grade-school children suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed【C6】______inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
"If they know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively【C7】______task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much【C8】______for rewards."
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and 【C9】______falling grades.
In earlier grades, the use of so-called【C10】______economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
A)maintain B)challenging C)eliminate D)internal
E)hinder F)especially G)restore H)monetary
I)ordinary J)aid K)external L)anticipation
M)generally N)token O)mental [br] 【C9】

选项

答案 G

解析此处应填动词。As an example of the latter point，he notes growing efforts atmajor universities to tighten grading standards and falling grades．“所以现在重点大学更加努力使评分标准更严格，低分。”联系该段前文大意，若老师太过关注奖励，对于表现平庸的孩子也给予高分，这会培养出没有创见的学生。所以在评分标准严格之下，必有高分低分区别度，restore“恢复”低分．而不是eliminate“消除”低分。

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