首页
登录
职称英语
Obama’s Success Isn’t All Good News for Black Americans
Obama’s Success Isn’t All Good News for Black Americans
游客
2024-03-06
18
管理
问题
Obama’s Success Isn’t All Good News for Black Americans
A) As Erin White watched the election results head towards victory for Barack Obama, she felt a burden lifting from her shoulders. "In that one second, it was a validation for my whole race, " she recalls. "I’ve always been an achiever, " says White, who is studying for an MBA at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. "But there had always been these things in the back of my mind questioning whether I really can be who I want. It was like a shadow, following me around saying you can only go so far. Now it’s like a barrier has been let down. "
B) White’s experience is what many psychologists had expected—that Obama would prove to be a powerful role model for African Americans. Some hoped his rise to prominence would have a big impact on white Americans, too, challenging those who still harbor racist sentiments. "The traits that characterize him are very contradictory to the racial stereotypes that black people are aggressive and uneducated, " says Ashby Plant of Florida State University. "He’s very intelligent and eloquent. "
Sting in the tail
C) Ashby Plant is one of a number of psychologists who seized on Obama’s candidacy to test hypotheses about the power of role models. Their work is already starting to reveal how the "Obama effect" is changing people’s views and behavior. Perhaps surprisingly, it is not all good news: there is a sting in the tail of the Obama effect.
D) But first the good news. Barack Obama really is a positive role model for African Americans, and he was making an impact even before he got to the White House. Indeed, the Obama effect can be surprisingly immediate and powerful, as Ray Friedman of Vanderbilt University and his colleagues discovered.
E) They tested four separate groups at four key stages of Obama’s presidential campaign. Each group consisted of around 120 adults of similar age and education, and the test assessed their language skills. At two of these stages, when Obama’s success was less than certain, the tests showed a clear difference between the scores of the white and black participants—an average of 12. 1 out of 20, compared to 8. 8, for example. When the Obama fever was at its height, however, the black participants performed much better. Those who had watched Obama’s acceptance speech as the Democrats’ presidential candidate performed just as well, on average, as the white subjects. After his election victory, this was true of all the black participants.
Dramatic shift
F) What can explain this dramatic shift? At the start of the test, the participants had to declare their race and were told their results would be used to assess their strengths and weaknesses. This should have primed the subjects with " stereotype threat" —an anxiety that their results will confirm negative stereotypes, which has been shown to damage the performance of African Americans. Obama’s successes seemed to act as a shield against this. "We suspect they felt inspired and energized by his victory, so the stereotype threat wouldn’t prove a distraction, " says Friedman.
Lingering racism
G) If the Obama effect is positive for African Americans, how is it affecting their white compatriots (同胞)? Is the experience of having a charismatic (有魅力的) black president modifying lingering racist attitudes? There is no easy way to measure racism directly, instead psychologists assess what is known as "implicit bias", using a computer-based test that measures how quickly people associate positive and negative words—such as "love" or "evil"—with photos of black or white faces. A similar test can also measure how quickly subjects associate stereotypical traits—such as athletic skills or mental ability—with a particular group.
Drop in bias
H) In a study that will appear in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Plant’s team tested 229 students during the height of the Obama fever. They found that implicit bias had fallen by as much as 90% compared with the level found in a similar study in 2006. "That’s an unusually large drop, " Plant says. While the team can’t be sure their results are due solely to Obama, they also showed that those with the lowest bias were likely to subconsciously associate black skin color with political words such as "government" or "president". This suggests that Obama was strongly on their mind, says Plant.
I) Brian Nosek of the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, who runs a website that measures implicit bias using similar tests, has also observed a small drop in bias in the 700000 visitors to the site since January 2007, which might be explained by Obama’s rise to popularity. However, his preliminary results suggest that change will be much slower coming than Plant’s results suggest.
Talking honestly
J) " People now have the opportunity of expressing support for Obama every day, " says Daniel Effron at Stanford University in California. "Our research arouses the concern that people may now be more likely to raise negative views of African Americans. " On the other hand, he says, it may just encourage people to talk more honestly about their feelings regarding race issues, which may not be such a bad thing.
K) Another part of the study suggests far more is at stake than the mere expression of views. The Obama effect may have a negative side. Just one week after Obama was elected President, participants were less ready to support policies designed to address racial inequality than they had been two weeks before the election.
Huge obstacles
L) It could, of course, also be that Obama’s success helps people to forget that a disproportionate number of black Americans still live in poverty and face huge obstacles when trying to overcome these circumstances. "Barack Obama’s family is such a salient (出色的) image, we generalize it and fail to see the larger picture—that there’s injustice in every aspect of American life, " says Cheryl Kaiser of the University of Washington in Seattle. Those trying to address issues of racial inequality need to constantly remind people of the inequalities that still exist to counteract the Obama effect, she says.
M) Though Plant’s findings were more positive, she too warns against thinking that racism and racial inequalities are no longer a problem. " The last thing I want is for people to think everything’s solved. " These findings do not only apply to Obama, or even just to race. They should hold for any role model in any country. "There’s no reason we wouldn’t have seen the same effect on our views of women if Hillary Clinton or Sarah Palin had been elected, " says Effron. So the election of a female leader might have a downside for other women.
Beyond race
N) We also don’t yet know how long the Obama effect—both its good side and its bad—will last. Political sentiment is notoriously changeable: What if things begin to go wrong for Obama, and his popularity slumps?
O) And what if Americans become so familiar with having Obama as their President that they stop considering his race altogether? " Over time he might become his own entity, " says Plant. This might seem like the ultimate defeat for racism, but ignoring the race of certain select individuals—a phenomenon that psychologists call subtyping—also has an insidious (隐伏的) side. "We think it happens to help people preserve their beliefs, so they can still hold on to the previous stereotypes. " That could turn out to be the crudest of all the twists to the Obama effect. [br] According to Effron, if Hillary Clinton or Sarah Palin had been elected, there would also have been a negative effect on people’s views of women.
选项
答案
M
解析
由题干关键词Hillary Clinton or Sarah Palin had been elected定位到M段。细节归纳题。M段提到,普兰特提醒人们种族主义和种族不平等并没有消除。埃弗隆也认为如果希拉里.克林顿或者萨拉.佩林当选的话,或许将会对其他女性产生不利的一面。题干中的a negative effect对应原文中的have a downside for,故选M。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3511715.html
相关试题推荐
[originaltext]Ifyouwanttobuildasuccessfulbusinessthenyouneedtoadver
[originaltext]Ifyouwanttobuildasuccessfulbusinessthenyouneedtoadver
[originaltext]Ifyouwanttobuildasuccessfulbusinessthenyouneedtoad
[originaltext]Ifyouwanttobuildasuccessfulbusinessthenyouneedtoad
[originaltext]Ifyouwanttobuildasuccessfulbusinessthenyouneedtoad
[originaltext]Ifyouwanttobuildasuccessfulbusinessthenyouneedtoa
[originaltext]MedicalexpertssaymostAmericansdonotgetenoughsleep.T
[originaltext]Americanssufferfromanoverdoseofwork.Regardlessofwho
[originaltext]Americanssufferfromanoverdoseofwork.Regardlessofwho
[originaltext]Havingsuccessandbeingabletomeetone’sgoalsrequireskn
随机试题
HaveyoureadourletterofDecember18,in______wecomplainedaboutthequality
初中音乐《拉德斯基进行曲》主要教学过程及板书设计 教学过程 (一)情景导入 在上课之前问学生有没有看过阅兵的视频,顺势播放阅兵视频短片,看完后问学生有什么
关于城市交通隧道消防给水及消火栓系统的说法,下列不正确的是()。A.消防
新的计算机系统错误地提交了双份对供货商发票进行付款的支票请求,结果生成了两张付款
咯血患者出现烦躁不安、张口瞪目,两手乱抓等窒息表现,护士应首先采取的措施是A.使
在货币流通与通货膨胀、通货紧缩的关系中,当货币流通速度减慢时,若没有及时注入足够
某公路工程地基由碎石土组成,动静极限承载力的比值为1.15,动承载力安全系数为1
一侧头痛反复发作,常伴恶心,呕吐者,治疗宜取( )。A.足少阳,手足太阳经穴
心电图示Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段抬高与T波融合成单向曲线,首先考虑A.急性前间壁
(2019年真题)下列各项中,关于企业存货减值的相关会计处理表述正确的有( )
最新回复
(
0
)