2. 职称英语
  3. In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before h

In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before h

游客2024-03-01  18
问题     In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called "classical conditioning." This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother’s face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.
    The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning." This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.
    Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with other people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger. [br] If your jokes often find a ready echo in a person, you will learn through ______ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.
选项 A、classical conditioning
B、operant conditioning
C、neither of them
D、some other sorts of conditioning
答案 B
解析 逻辑推理题。“If your jokes often find a ready echo in a person”，自然会在其音容笑貌中表现出来。一旦某人说笑话，产生共鸣的效果，必然会进一步朝这方面努力，故这种认知心理过程符合第一段对“operant conditioning”的阐述“an individual learns to do things that produce rewards”。
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