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  3. Paying for NatureA)How much are the birds of heaven

Paying for NatureA)How much are the birds of heaven

游客2024-02-07  15
问题                             Paying for Nature
A)How much are the birds of heaven worth? How about the lilies of the field? Or clean air and water, verdant forests and untouched grassland, healthy coral reefs and lush mangroves? By the environmentalist’s accounting, they’re invaluable because nature has a worth all its own. But to business, untouched nature typically hasn’t had a value — at least not one that could be put in a ledger(账簿).
B)Until now, many green — and a growing chorus of corporate suits — are arguing that nature in its own right provides economically valuable services that benefit business. A virgin forest is pleasant to look at, of course, but it also prevents soil erosion and improves water quality at no cost — valuable if you happen to own a beverage(饮料)plant downstream that depends on clean water. That same forest might provide a habitat for bees, which can pollinate(授粉)plants in the surrounding cropland — a vital function if you run a coffee plantation nearby. By this reckoning, nature provides "ecosystem services" whose benefits for business are increasingly measurable in hard, cold dollar figures. "All the things that nature does for us fuel our prosperity," says Peter Kareiva, chief scientist for The Nature Conservancy(TNC), a Washington-based environmental group.
C)Until recently, the concept of ecosystem services was mentioned only in obscure scientific journals, the province of a few ecologists trying to figure out the dollar value of the atmosphere. But the threat of government action on carbon emissions, insistent shareholder pressure on green issues and growing concern over limited natural resources have prompted an increasing number of companies to examine their ecological numbers just as closely as they would any other part of their balance sheets. Last month, Dow Chemical took the trend to a new level, announcing a five-year, $10 million collaboration with TNC to eventually tally up the ecosystem costs and benefits of every business decision. The Michigan-headquartered company will look to make environmental factors part of its profit-and-loss statements — a move that could signal to other companies that nature can no longer be ignored. "Our planet’s natural resources are more and more under threat," says Dow CEO Andrew Liveris. "But protecting nature can be a profitable corporate priority and a smart global business strategy."
D)Historically, conservationists and corporations were usually on opposite sides of the environmental debate, and few greens wanted to see the nature they loved tainted by consideration of dollar figures. Yet as climate change emerged as a concern in the 1990s — and, with it, the accounting of carbon dioxide emission — even the deepest green began to understand that nature’s value would really be understood only once it was qualified. A 1997 study in the journal Nature attempted to estimate the value of the planet’s ecosystem services: forests and oceans, air and climate regulation, even cultural and recreational benefits. The researchers came up with a very rough figure of $33 trillion — nearly twice the global gross national product at the time.
The Flowers of the Forest
E)More recently, scientist working for the UN’s Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and a just published study, "The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity," have drilled down to find hard numbers on specific natural services. Scientists from the World Wildlife Fund(WWF)looked at a coffee plantation in Costa Rica and found that flowers near forests received twice as many bee visits and twice as much pollen as flowers far from trees — meaning that extra bee pollination was worth an additional $62,000 a year, or 7% of the farm’s income. Removing those trees to allow cattle grazing(放牧)would earn only $24,000 a year. "There’s a library of similar case studies that show the economic impact of nature conservation," says Taylor Ricketts, WWF’s director of conservation science. "We only value something when we measure it."
F)Dow and TNC have already been involved in a smaller ecosystem-services project in Sao Paulo, which helped lay the groundwork for their new partnership. Some 9 million people in the city get their drinking water from the nearby Cantareira system in Brazil’s Atlantic Forest. The forest has been under pressure from logging, agriculture and ranching for decades, and the resulting deforestation harms both water quality and the wildlife that depends on the forest. So Dow donated $1.5 million through its charitable foundation to support a joint effort with TNC and Sao Paulo water utilities to restore 865 acres of forest surrounding the Cachoeira reservoir. Not only will that money protect biodiversity, generate carbon credits and create green jobs for locals living near Cachoeira, but it should also cut the amount of sediment(沉淀物)flowing into the water system by over 60%. That will benefit people and business in Sao Paulo — including Dow.
G)The details of the larger collaboration between TNC and Dow are still being worked out, but Dow will donate $10 million to TNC over the next five years. In exchange, TNC scientists will apply scientific models, biodiversity analysis and ecosystem-services estimates to assess Dow’s business decisions. If Dow decides to build or expand a plant, TNC will be able to advise the company about the economic value of the ecosystem impacts of those plans, positive and negative. The partnership will begin with pilot programs at three Dow manufacturing plants — at least one of which will be in the US — but the ultimate aim is to make ecosystem services an essential part of Dow’s entire business model. Numbers are hard to come by, in part because the collaboration is meant to generate fresh data on ecosystem services, but Liveris sees that $10 million as an investment in Dow’s future — one he expects will pay off by preparing the company for the prospect of tighter environmental regulations and scarcer natural resources. "I think that in 10 years we’ll look back and wonder why we didn’t do this earlier," he says.
H)The Dow-TNC collaboration is just the latest piece of business news to suggest that environmental responsibility and corporate success aren’t always opposed. In 2007, Goldman Sachs released a landmark report showing that companies that were considered leaders in environmental, social and governance policies tend to outperform the general stock market and their peers. Other major international companies have begun experimenting with ecosystem services. SABMiller is working with TNC in Bogota to protect the basin that provides the Colombian capital with much of its drinking water. SABMiller’s Colombian subsidiary, along with several other Bogota businesses, has begun paying to protect the watershed and ensure a supply of clean water. So far they’ve spent about $700,000 and estimate that the investment will pay off — through reduced water-treatment costs — in four to five years. "In the past, the big concern for companies on the environment was just to avoid risk," says Glenn Prickett, TNC’s chief external-affairs officer and the point person for the Dow Deal. "The difference is now they can look at nature as a source of business values."
I)If it all sounds too good to be true — or too fuzzy(模糊的)— it’s because ecosystem services are just being defined as a concept. Services beyond water — like biodiversity — are harder to price, and corporations won’t stop pushing back against government environmental regulations they consider onerous(繁重的). But in a world with a growing population and demand for resources, smart companies will learn to value ecosystem services, not just exploit them. "It’s not a choice to play a zero-sum game any more," says Liveris. "The economy and the environment are interdependent." And they’re united by one color: green. [br] WWF scientists compared the worth of bee pollination with that of cattle grazing to show the economic impact of nature protection.
选项
答案 E
解析 E)段第2、3句指出，经过世界野生动物基金会(WWF)的科学家们对一片咖啡种植园的调查，发现森林附近的花所吸引的蜜蜂数量和获得的花粉量是远离森林的花的两倍——这意味着每年多出来的蜜蜂授粉带来了6．2万美元的额外价值，而砍伐林木转而用来放牧，每年只能获得2．4万美元收入。接着第4句泰勒·里基茨提到“类似说明环境保护经济效益的研究数不胜数。”本题融合了这三句的信息，其中the economic impact of nature protection对应文中的the economic impact of natureconservation。
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