2. 职称英语
  3. Seventeenth-century philosopher John Locke stated that as much as 99 percent of

Seventeenth-century philosopher John Locke stated that as much as 99 percent of

游客2024-01-12  21
问题 Seventeenth-century philosopher John Locke stated that as much as 99 percent of the value of any useful product can be attributed to "the effects of labor." For Locke’s intellectual heirs it was only a short step to the "labor theory of value," whose formulators held that 100 percent of the value of any product is generated by labor (the human work needed to produce goods) and that therefore the employer who appropriates any part of the product’s value as profit is practicing theft.
Although human effort is required to produce goods for the consumer market, effort is also invested in making capital goods (tools, machines, etc.), which are used to facilitate the production of consumer goods. In modern economies about one-third of the total output of consumer goods is attributable to the use of capital goods. Approximately two-thirds of the income derived from this total output is paid out to workers as wages and salaries, the remaining third serving as compensation to the owners of the capital goods. Moreover, part of this remaining third is received by workers who are shareholders, pension beneficiaries, and the like. The labor theory of value systematically disregards the productive contribution of capital goods—a failing for which Locke must bear part of the blame. [br] The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
选项 A、criticizing Locke’s economic theories
B、discounting the contribution of labor in a modern economy
C、questioning the validity of the labor theory ot value
D、arguing for a more equitable distribution of business profits
E、contending that employers are overcompensated for capital goods
答案 C
解析 Main idea
This question depends on an understanding of the passage as a whole. The first paragraph describes the labor theory of value and the theory’s historical origins in the philosophy of John Locke. The second paragraph provides some analysis of the theory and uses the analysis to support a critique.
A The passages describes an historical connection between the labor theory of value and Locke’s economic theories and suggests that the influence of Locke on the labor theory of value is one reason why, according to the author, the theory may be inadequate. This perhaps suggests an indirect criticism of Locke and his theories, via his influence on more recent theories. However, Locke’s economic theories are not criticized directly and are not the focus of the passage.
B Although the passage may suggest that a particular economic theory—the labor theory of value—may exaggerate the "contribution of labor in a modern economy" because the theory may neglect the importance of capital goods, the author does not suggest that the contribution of labor is unimportant.
C Correct. This is the best answer. The second paragraph—more than half of the passage— is almost entirely focused on critiquing the labor theory of value. The first paragraph, by introducing the theory and providing some historical context, can be seen as supporting the critique, by introducing the theory to readers who may not be familiar with it.
D The passage offers no argument for or against a more equitable distribution of business profits.
E The point at issue in this option is similar to the point at issue in D, to do with what might be right or wrong, or more equitable, in matters concerning the distribution of money or "compensation."The passage makes no argument as to what might be right or wrong in this respect.
The correct answer is C.
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