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  3. From the beginning, the idea of a finite universe ran into its own o

From the beginning, the idea of a finite universe ran into its own o

游客2024-01-11  25
问题             From the beginning, the idea of a finite universe ran into its own obstacle,
       the apparent need for an edge, a problem that has only recently been grappled
       with. Aristotle’s argument, that the universe is finite, and that a boundary was
Line    necessary to fix an absolute reference frame, held only until scientists wondered
(5)     what happened at the far side of the edge. In other words, why do we not
       redefine the "universe" to include that other side?
           Riemann ingeniously replied by proposing the hypersphere, the three-
       dimensional surface of a four-dimensional ball. Previously it was supposed that
       the ultimate physical reality must be a Euclidean space of some dimension, and
(10)    thus if space were a hypersphere, it would need to sit in a four-dimensional
       Euclidean space that allows us to view it from the outside. But according to
       Riemann, it would be perfectly acceptable for the universe to be a hypersphere
       and not embedded in any higher-dimensional space; nature need not therefore
       cling to the ancient notion. According to Einstein’s powerful but limited theory
(15)    of relativity, space is a dynamic medium that can curve in one of three ways,
       depending on the distribution of matter and energy within it, but because we are
       embedded in space, we cannot see the flexure directly but rather perceive it as
       gravitational attraction and geometric distortion of images. Thus, to determine
       which of the three geometries our universe has, astronomers are forced to
(20)    measure the density of matter and energy in the cosmos, whose amounts appear
       at present to be insufficient to force space to arch back on itself in "spherical"
       geometry. Space may also have the familiar Euclidean geometry, like that of a
       plane, or a "hyperbolic" geometry, like that of a saddle. Furthermore, the
       universe could be spherical, yet so large that the observable part seems
(25)    Euclidean, just as a small patch of the earth’s surface looks flat.
           We must recall that relativity is a purely local theory: it predicts the
       curvature of each small volume of space-its geometry-based on the matter
       and energy it contains, and the three plausible cosmic geometries are consistent
       with many different topologies: relativity would describe both a torus and a
(30)    plane with the same equations, even though the torus is finite and the plane is
       infinite. Determining the topology therefore requires some physical
       understanding beyond relativity, in order to answer the question, for instance,
       of whether the universe is, like a plane, "simply connected", meaning there is
       only one direct path for light to travel from a source to an observer. A simply
(35)    connected Euclidean or hyperbolic universe would indeed be infinite-and seems
       self-evident to the layman-but unfortunately the universe might instead be
       "multiply-connected", like a torus, in which case there are many different such
       paths. An observer could see multiple images of each galaxy and easily interpret
       them as distinct galaxies in an endless space, much as a visitor to a mirrored
(40)    room has the illusion of seeing a huge crowd, and for this reason physicists have
       yet to conclusively determine the shape of the universe. [br] The author refers to the illusion of seeing crowds primarily in order to
选项 A、illustrate that relativity theory remains a useful tool in determining the topology of the universe
B、indicate a descriptive advantage that toruses might have over Euclidean or hyperbolic universes
C、argue that empirical methods of determining the shape of the universe are invariably doomed to failure
D、suggest that the common sense behind the notion that the universe is simply- connected may be misguided
E、assert that two models of the geometry of the universe may vary in terms of observable predictions but be mathematically equivalent
答案 D
解析
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