Taking the nation-state as our point of spatial reference, we can

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问题          Taking the nation-state as our point of spatial reference, we can
   differentiate not only between historiographies on a sub-national level like
   villages and cities, but units on a supra-national level. Applied to concrete forms
Line of historiography, however, we confront at least three kinds of problems that
(5)    complicate this scheme, the first of which, the ideological load of some spatial
   concepts, was put on the agenda by Edward Said’s analysis of the notion of the
   "Orient". Said has shown that though most spatial concepts initially appear quite
   neutral and innocent, they often carry important ideological and political
   implications. Like "the Orient", the notion of "the primitive", "the savage"
(10) and the "barbarian" have fulfilled similar ideological functions in the colonial
   encounter, because—like "the Orient"—they were used as the justification of
   the domination of "the primitive" by its supposed opposite: the "civilized" part
   of the world.
         The second problem is that the spatial scope of a historical work is not
(15) always what it seems, especially instances when we would like to assess the
   relationship between regional and national historiographies. The microcosm of
   the region functions may sometimes be substituted illegitimately for the
   macrocosm of the nation—take for instance, the confusion of Holland for the
   whole of the Netherlands, a problem that has complicated the classification of
(20) historiographies on basis of spatial markers. The third and perhaps most
   troubling problem in our spatial scheme is the essentially contested character of
   its central concept: the nation. The nation belongs to the same category as
   notions like "freedom" and "democracy" that also refuse unambiguous definition
   and the fundamental problem in the discourse on the nation is that the nation
(21) does not necessarily coincide with the state or even with the nation-state.
   Sometimes spatial units at a sub-state level, like provinces or tribal areas are
   represented as nations, and sometimes nations are represented as supra-national
   units, units exceeding the borders of a nation-state.
         It is not the task of professional historians to solve these practical issues—
(30) this is a matter of politics—but to clarify the different historical representations
   in each case. Historians do not have a special task in solving political problems,
   but as professional specialists of the past they have the task of clarifying the
   historical roots of political problems, a practice that amounts to the
   identification and the integration of the different and often conflicting
(35) perspectives pertaining to present day issues. It is neither realistic nor
   reasonable to expect consensus in historiography; as in politics, the most we
   can strive for is a sound knowledge of the different points of view, leading to a
   maximum of empathy and to mutual understanding of past and present positions. [br] The author mentions all of the following as examples of complications arising from the application of spatial markers EXCEPT

选项 A、An area of a country smaller than the nation considers itself to be a nation.
B、A boundary is demarcated around a nation which does not include the people of the nation.
C、A continent is divided into two areas for implicit ideological purposes.
D、Two nations dispute the exact geography of a border based on an ancient historical claim.
E、The history of a nation is erroneously conflated with the character of one particular region.

答案 D

解析

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