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  3. The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was du

The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was du

游客2024-01-11  24
问题 The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The inter-
line action resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general
5 improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.
    The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keener escapers is defined by attention—that aspect of mind carrying consciousness forward from one moment to the next. It ranges from a passive, free-
10 floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation. The range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels, sensitivity to novelty is increased. The organism is more awake, more vigilant; this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subtle signals as the
15 organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention its direction. Arousal is at first general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in which these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of
20 previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends and purposes.
    The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing. Although in both kinds of animal,
25 arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead. Perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it, but the animal does experience something like it. The predator is searchingly aggressive, inner-directed, tuned by the
30 nervous system and the adrenal hormones, but aware in a sense closer to human consciousness than, say, a hungry lizard’s instinctive snap at a passing beetle. Using past events as a framework, the large mammal predator is working out a relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibilities in cold trails and distant sounds —and yesterdays unforgotten lessons. The herbivore prey is of a different mind. Its
35 mood of wariness rather than searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are silk-thin veils of tranquillity over an explosive endocrine system. [br] According to the passage, as the process of arousal in an organism continues, all of the following may occur EXCEPT
选项 A、the production of adrenaline
B、the production of norepinephrine
C、a heightening of sensitivity to stimuli
D、an increase in selectivity with respect to stimuli
E、an expansion of the range of states mediated by the brain stem
答案 E
解析 This question asks you what does NOT occur during arousal. To answer the question, you must first determine what does occur. According to the passage, arousal does stimulate the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine(lines 24-26); does increase sensitivity to stimuli(lines 12-13); and does increase concentration on specific stimuli(lines 16-18). Thus Choices A through D all describe consequences of arousal. Only Choice E is correct. There is no indication in the passage that the range of states mediated by the brain stem expands during arousal.
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