首页
登录
职称英语
Until recently, many anthropologists assumed that the environment of what is now
Until recently, many anthropologists assumed that the environment of what is now
游客
2024-01-11
31
管理
问题
Until recently, many anthropologists assumed that the environment of what is now the southwestern United States shaped the social history and culture of the region’s indigenous peoples. Building on this assumption, archaeologists asserted that adverse envi-
line ronmental conditions and droughts were responsible for the disappearances and
5 migrations of southwestern populations from many sites they once inhabited.
However, such deterministic arguments fail to acknowledge that local environmental variability in the Southwest makes generalizing about that environment difficult. To examine the relationship between environmental variation and sociocultural change in the Western Pueblo region of central Arizona, which indigenous tribes have occupied
10 continuously for at least 800 years, a research team recently reconstructed the climatic, vegetational, and erosional cycles of past centuries. The researchers found it impossible to provide a single, generally applicable characterization of environmental conditions for the region. Rather, they found that local areas experienced different patterns of rainfall, wind, and erosion, and that such conditions had prevailed in the Southwest
15 for the last 1,400 years. Rainfall, for example, varied within and between local valley systems, so that even adjacent agricultural fields can produce significantly different yields.
The researchers characterized episodes of variation in southwestern environments by frequency: low-frequency environmental processes occur in cycles longer than one
20 human generation, which generally is considered to last about 25 years, and high-frequency processes have shorter cycles. The researchers pointed out that low-frequency processes, such as fluctuations in stream flow and groundwater levels, would not usually be apparent to human populations. In contrast, high-frequency fluctuations such as seasonal temperature variations are observable and somewhat predictable, so that
25 groups could have adapted their behaviors accordingly. When the researchers compared sequences of sociocultural change in the Western Pueblo region with episodes of low- and high-frequency environmental variation, however, they found no simple correlation between environmental process and sociocultural change or persistence. Although early Pueblo peoples did protect themselves against environmental risk and
30 uncertainty, they responded variously on different occasions to similar patterns of high-frequency climatic and environmental change. The researchers identified seven major adaptive responses, including increased mobility, relocation of permanent settlements, changes in subsistence foods, and reliance on trade with other groups. These findings suggest that groups’ adaptive choices depended on cultural and social as well as envi-
35 ronmental factors and were flexible strategies rather than uncomplicated reactions to environmental change. Environmental conditions mattered, but they were rarely, if ever, sufficient to account for sociocultural persistence and change. Group size and composition, culture, contact with other groups, and individual choices and actions were— barring catastrophes such as floods or earthquakes—more significant for a population’s
40 survival than were climate and environment.
Description
The passage describes research that bears on a presumed historical relationship between environmental variation and sociocultural change among indigenous people of the southwestern United States. The author mentions in the first paragraph that many anthropologists believed until recently that environmental variations explain changes in the human populations of the region. The passage then goes on to point out studies that show problems with this explanation, including the lack of generally applicable characterizations of the environment in the region and lack of correlation between environmental changes and sociocultural changes. In the final paragraph the author mentions an alternative explanation in researchers’ findings suggesting that responses to environmental changes varied according to differing factors such as group size and composition, culture, contact with other groups, and individual choices. [br] The fact that "adjacent agricultural fields can produce significantly different yields"(lines 16-17)is offered as evidence of the
选项
A、unpredictability of the climate and environment of the southwestern United States
B、difficulty of producing a consistent food supply for a large population in the Western Pueblo region
C、lack of water and land suitable for cultivation in central Arizona
D、local climatic variation in the environment of the southwestern United States
E、high-frequency environmental processes at work in the southwestern United States
答案
D
解析
Choice D is the correct answer: the second paragraph says rainfall variations between local valleys cause different agricultural yields between adjacent fields and gives this as an example of how climate is not uniform within the Southwest but rather can vary significantly from place to place. Choice A is incorrect: while such variability might give rise to unpredictability, that is not how the difference in agricultural yields is being used as evidence in the passage. Choices B and C are incorrect: the passage does not make or report a claim about feeding large populations, nor does it assert that central Arizona lacks land suitable for cultivation. Choice E is incorrect: a discussion of highland low-frequency processes occurs in the third paragraph, but the author does not present geographic differences in rainfall and agricultural yield as either a high- or a low-frequency environmental process.
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3351897.html
相关试题推荐
Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically"proved"byeconomists
Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically"proved"byeconomists
Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically"proved"byeconomists
Onemusttryhisbestto______tothenewenvironment.A、adoptB、adaptC、adeptD、a
Theenvironment-friendlyplan___________agoodexampleforothercompanies.A、p
Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically"proved"byeconom
Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically"proved"byeconom
Onemusttryhisbestto____________tothenewenvironment.A、adoptB、adaptC、ade
Alargepartofhumanactivity,particularlyinrelationtotheenvironment,is_
保护环境和发展经济一样重要。Protectingtheenvironmentisasimportantasdevelopingeconomy.
随机试题
Whatisthistalkmainlyabout?[originaltext]Oneimportantthingaboutart
Theyoungmangetssopopularwithhiscolleaguesthatevenhisinanitiesareco
湖南菜,简称“湘菜”,是中国八大菜系之一。下列属于湘菜著名菜肴的有( )。A.
2011年,高先生与刘先生口头协商决定合伙出资购买一辆东风牌汽车搞蔬菜运输。6月
下列()内防火分区之间的防火墙上不应开设门、窗、洞口。A.收音机装配厂房
一住店客人未付房钱即想离开旅馆去车站。旅馆服务员揪住他不让走,并打报警电话。客人
治疗肾虚视物不清,腰膝软弱宜选用A.南沙参 B.北沙参 C.石斛 D.黄精
国家发展和改革委员会规定,施工单项合同估算价在()万元人民币以上的工程项目必须
下列有关Excel中公式叙述正确的有()。A、Excel中的公式编辑包括三个部分
项目可行性研究中,主要设备选型的原则包括() A.适应产品品种和质量的要求
最新回复
(
0
)