首页
登录
职称英语
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading P
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading P
游客
2024-01-08
14
管理
问题
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
How much higher? How much faster?
Limits to human sporting performance are not yet in sight
Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space. For the so-called power events – that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump -times and distances have improved ten to twenty per cent. In the endurance events the results have been more dramatic, At the 1908 Olympics, John Hayes of the U.S. team ran a marathon in a time of 2:55:18. In 1999, Morocco’s Khalid Khannouchi set a new world record of 2:05:42, almost thirty per cent faster.
No one theory can explain improvements in performance, but the most important factor has been genetics.The athlete must choose his parents carefully’ says Jesus Dapena, a sports scientist at Indiana University, invoking an oftcited adage. Over the past century, the composition of the human gene pool has not changed appreciably, but with increasing global participation in athletics - and greater rewards to tempt athletes - it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early. Was there someone like [sprinter] Michael Johnson in the 1920s?’ Dapena asks. ’I’m sure there was, but his talent was probably never realised.’
Identifying genetically talented individuals is only the first step. Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University at Fullerton, maintains that ’genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do. But with the right training we can go much further with that one third than we’ve been going.’ Yessis believes that U.S. runners, despite their impressive achievements, are ’running on their genetics’. By applying more scientific methods, ’they’re going to go much faster’. These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyo-metrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.
Whereas most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power - the rate at which an athlete can expend energy. When a sprinter runs, Yessis explains, her foot stays in contact with the ground for just under a tenth of a second, half of which is devoted to landing and the other half to pushing off. Plyometric exercises help athletes make the best use of this brief interval.
Nutrition is another area that sports trainers have failed to address adequately. ’Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition, even through supplements,’ Yessis insists. Each activity has its own nutritional needs. Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries.
Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken. ’If we applied the Russian training model to some of the outstanding runners we have in this country,’ Yessis asserts, ’they would be breaking records left and right.’ He will not predict by how much, however: ’Exactly what the limits are it’s hard to say, but there will be increases even if only by hundredths of a second, as long as our training continues to improve.’
One of the most important new methodologies is biomechanics, the study of the body in motion. A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes her performance, recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions. By applying Newton’s laws to these motions,’we can say that this athlete’s run is not fast enough; that this one is not using his arms strongly enough during take-off,’ says Dapena, who uses these methods to help high jumpers. To date, however, biomechanics has made only a small difference to athletic performance.
Revolutionary ideas still come from the athletes themselves. For example, during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, a relatively unknown high jumper named Dick Fosbury won the gold by going over the bar backwards, in complete contradiction of all the received high-jumping wisdom, a move instantly dubbed the Fosbury flop. Fosbury himself did not know what he was doing. That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists, who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations. Fosbury also required another element that lies behind many improvements in athletic performance: an innovation in athletic equipment. In Fosbury’s case, it was the cushions that jumpers land on. Traditionally, high jumpers would land in pits filled with sawdust. But by Fosbury’s time, sawdust pits had been replaced by soft foam cushions, ideal for flopping.
In the end, most people who examine human performance are humbled by the resourcefulness of athletes and the powers of the human body. Once you study athletics, you learn that it’s a vexingly complex issue,’ says John S. Raglin, a sports psychologist at Indiana University. ’Core performance is not a simple or mundane thing of higher; fasten longer So many variables enter into the equation, and our understanding in many cases is fundamental. We’ve got a long way to go.’ For the foreseeable future, records will be made to be broken.
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this [br] The parents of top athletes have often been successful athletes themselves.
选项
A、真
B、假
C、NOT GIVEN
答案
C
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3345329.html
相关试题推荐
Afool,especiallyifhehasthemisfortuneofknowinganything,should______it
MEETING:MINUTES::A、video:imageB、report:synopsisC、seism:quiverD、perfo
Directions:Eachofthefollowingreadingcomprehensionquestionsisbasedonth
Hispenchantforlearninghistoryshouldprovetobe______duringhisstudiesto
Sendingarobotintospacetogatherinformationisaviableoption,butshould
Sendingarobotintospacetogatherinformationisaviableoption,butshould
Her______shouldnotbeconfusedwithmiserliness;aslongasIhaveknownher,s
Intheearlytwentiethcentury,theideathatpianistsshouldbemusician-schola
Intheearlytwentiethcentury,theideathatpianistsshouldbemusician-schola
WriterJohnWorthensuggestedthat,insomecases,biographersshouldbe(i)____
随机试题
[originaltext]OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastone
Joyandsadnessareexperiencedbypeopleinallculturesaroundtheworld,b
WhatdidHaldo?[originaltext]W:Hal,howlongdidittakeyoutofinishMr.Wi
城市住宅设计 任务书与解答 任务书 设计题目:城市住宅 设计任务
在一定的地质作用下,某些有用的矿物富集形成了矿产。读岩石圈物质循环示意图,回答下
在资产定价模型中,β值为1的证券被称为具有( )A.激进型风险 B.防卫型风
类别化是指个体对自身或他人在社会中所处位置的感知和判断,这种感知和判断不仅基于现
从影响范围看城镇土地区位,包括的层次有()。A.宏观区位 B.中观区位
发包人应在监理人收到进度付款申请单后的( )天内,将进度应付款支付给承包人。A.
(2020年真题)甲施工总承包企业承包某工程项目,将该工程的专业工程分包给乙企业
最新回复
(
0
)