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  3. You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading

游客2024-01-07  6
问题 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
LIFE WITHOUT DEATH
Until recently, the thought that there might ever be a cure for ageing seemed preposterous. Growing older and more decrepit appeared to be an inevitable and necessary part of being human. Over the last decade, however, scientists have begun to see ageing differently. Some now believe that the average life expectancy may soon be pushed up to 160 years; others think that it may be extended to 200 or 300 years. A handful even wonder whether we might one day live for a millennium or more.
Behind this new excitement is the theory that the primary cause of ageing lies in highly reactive molecules called free radicals, left behind by the oxygen we breathe. Free radicals react with the molecules in our bodies, damaging DNA, proteins and other cell tissues, and are known to be implicated in diseases as diverse as cataracts, cancer and Alzheimer’s. The body does its best to protect itself against free radicals by producing its own chemicals to prevent ageing, such as vitamins E and C, but it is always fighting a losing battle.
A year ago Gordon Iithgow of the University of Manchester discovered a way to help combat free radicals. Using one of these anti-ageing chemicals, he managed to increase the lifespan of one species of earthworm by 50 per cent. Despite cautionary words from the scientists, many welcomed this as the first step towards a drug which would extend life. Research involving the mutation of genes has also thrown up fascinating results: after identifying two of the genes that appear to control how long the earthworm lives, similar genes were found in organisms as various as fruit-flies, mice and human beings. When one considers the vast evolutionary distances that separate these species, it suggests that we may have discovered a key to how ageing is regulated throughout the entire animal kingdom.
In June last year a small American company called Eukarion sought permission to carry out the first trials of an anti-ageing drug, SCS, on human beings. Although it will initially be used to treat diseases associated with old age, Eukarion said, that ’if the effect of treating diseases of old age is to extend life, everyone’s going to be happy.’
Some scientists, however, are quick to discourage extravagant speculation. ’There is no evidence whatsoever that swallowing any chemical would have an effect on mammals’, says Rich Miller of the University of Michigan. ’And those people who claim it might need to go out and do some experimenting’. Some research, moreover, has produced alarming results. As well as controlling ageing, these genes also partly control the hormones which regulate growth. The upshot of this is that although the lives of mutant mice can be extended by up to 80 per cent, they remain smaller than normal.
Quite apart from these sorts of horrors, the ethical implications of extending human lifespan are likely to worry many people. Even if the falling birth-rates reported in the world’s developed nations were to be repeated throughout the world, would this be sufficient to compensate for massively extended life expectancy, and would we be willing to see the demographic balance of our society change out of all recognition? David Gems, the head of the Centre for Research into Ageing at University College, London, is enthusiastic about the opportunities opened up by extended life, but even he observes, ’If people live much longer, the proportion of children would, of course, be very small. It strikes me that it might feel rather claustrophobic: all those middle-aged people and very few children or young people.’
The philosopher John Polkinghorne emphasises that any discussion of the merits of life-extending therapies must take into account the quality of the life that is lived: ’One would not wish to prolong life beyond the point it had ceased to be creative and fulfilling and meaningful,’ he says. ’Presumably, there would have to come a point at which life ceased to be creative and became just repetition. Clearly, there are only so many rounds of golf one would want to play.’
But Polkinghorne, a member of the Human Genetics Commission, also observes that so far our experience of extended life expectancy has not resulted in world-weariness. Throughout the last century, life expectancy rose consistently, thanks to improved diet, better hygiene, continuous medical innovation and the provision of free or subsidised healthcare. In 1952 the Queen sent out 225 telegrams to people on their 100th birthday; in 1996 she sent out 5218. ’Consider also, the lives of our Roman and Anglo-Saxon ancestors’ he says. ’By and large, the doubling of human lifespan we have seen since then has not been a bad thing. Life has not become frustrating and boring. For example, we now live to see our children’s children, and this is good.’
Questions 27-31
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this [br] Most people in the future will decide not to have children.
选项 A、YES
B、NO
C、NOT GIVEN
答案 C
解析 关于未来生育问题的信息在第六段。其中第二句提到出生率的下降(falling birth-rates)，但注意此处用了were to be，是虚拟语气结构，只是表猜测，并非完全的真实情况。而第六段倒数第二句提到，如果人类寿命延长很多，小孩占人口的比例会变少(the proportion of children would…be very small)，这可能是由于老年人口的比例增长，并不能表明大部分人会不生育孩子，故题目表述在文中并无依据，答案为NOT GIVEN。
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