首页
登录
职称英语
Complete the notes below.Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.Effects of urban
Complete the notes below.Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.Effects of urban
游客
2024-01-06
29
管理
问题
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
Effects of urban environments on animals
Introduction
Recent urban developments represent massive environmental changes. It was previously thought that only a few animals were suitable for city life, e.g.
- the 【L31】______- because of its general adaptability
the pigeon - because walls of city buildings are similar to 【L32】______
In fact, many urban animals are adapting with unusual 【L33】______
Recent research
- Emilie Snell-Rood studied small urbanised mammal specimens from museums in Minnesota.
- She found the size of their 【L34】______had increased.
- She suggests this may be due to the need to locate new sources of 【L35】______and to deal with new dangers.
- Catarina Miranda focused on the 【L36】______of urban and rural blackbirds.
- She found urban birds were often braver, but were afraid of situations that were 【L37】______
- Jonathan Atwell studies how animals respond to urban environments.
- He found that some animals respond to 【L38】______by producing lower levels of hormones.
- Sarah Partan’s team found urban squirrels use their 【L39】______to help them communicate.
Long-term possibilities
Species of animals may develop which are unique to cities. However, some changes may not be 【L40】______ [br] 【L36】
Hi. Today we’re going to be looking at animals in urban environments and I’m going to be telling you about some research on how they’re affected by these environments.
Now, in evolutionary terms, urban environments represent huge upheavals, the sorts of massive changes that usually happen over millions of years. And we used to think that only a few species could adapt to this new environment.
One species which is well known as being Q31
highly adaptable is the crow, and there’ve been various studies about how they manage to learn new skills
. Another successful species is
the pigeon, because they’re able to perch on Q32 ledoes on the walls of city buildings, just like they once perched on cliffs by the sea.
But in fact, we’re now finding that these early immigrants were just the start of a more general movement of animals into cities, and of adaptation by these animals to city life. And
one thing Q33 that researchers are finding especially interesting is the speed with which they’re doing this -we’re not talking about gradual evolution here - these animals are changing fast.
Let me tell you about some of the studies that have been carried out in this area. So, in the University of Minnesota, a biologist called Emilie Snell-Rood and her colleagues looked at specimens of urbanised small mammals such as mice and gophers that had been collected in Minnesota, and that are now kept in museums there. And she looked at specimens that had been collected over the last hundred years, which is a very short time in evolutionary terms. And
she found that during that time, these small mammals had experienced a jump in Q34 brain size when compared to rural mammals.
Now, we can’t be sure this means they’re more intelligent, but since the sizes of other parts of the body didn’t change, it does suggest that something cognitive was going on. And
Snell-Rood thinks that this change might reflect the Q35 cognitive demands of adjusting to citv life - having to look in different places to find food, for example, and coping with a whole new set of dangers.
Then over in Germany at the Max Planck Institute,
there’s another biologist called Catarina Q36 Miranda who’s done some experiments with blackbirds living in urban and rural areas. And she’s been looking not at their anatomy but at their behaviour.
So as you might expect, she’s found that the urban blackbirds tend to be quite bold - they’re prepared to face up to a lot of threats that would frighten away their country counterparts. But
there’s one type of situation Q37 that does seem to frighten the urban blackbirds, and that’s anything new - anything they haven’t experienced before.
And if you think about it, that’s quite sensible for a bird living in the city.
Jonathan Atwell, in Indiana University, is looking at how a range of animals respond to urban environments.
He’s found that when they’re under stress, their endocrine systems react by Q38 reducing the amount of hormones such as corticosterone into their blood.
It’s a sensible-seeming adaptation. A rat that gets scared every time a subway train rolls past won’t be very successful.
There’s just one more study I’d like to mention which is by Sarah Partan and her team, and
they’ve been looking at how squirrels communicate in an urban environment, and they’ve Q39 found that a routine part of their communication is carried out by waving their tails.
You do also see this in the country, but it’s much more prevalent in cities, possibly because it’s effective in a noisy environment.
So what are the long-term implications of this?
One possibility is that we may see completely Q40 new species developing in cities. But on the other hand, it’s possible that not all of these adaptations will be permanent.
Once the animal’s got accustomed to its new environment, it may no longer need the features it’s developed.
So, now we’ve had a look ...
选项
答案
behaviour(s) / behavior(s)
解析
首先听到定位词人名Catarina Miranda、blackbirds,然后听到了答案对应信息“she’s been looking not at their anatomy but at their behaviour”,其中look at对应题干提示词focus on;需要注意not…but…这个表达,not后面的词是被否定的干扰项,正确答案往往在but之后,因此答案为behaviour(s)/behavior(s)。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3337591.html
相关试题推荐
Completethefollowingsentences.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeach
Completethefollowingsentences.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeach
Completethefollowingsentences.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeach
Completethenotesbelow.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.
Completethenotesbelow.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.
Completethenotesbelow.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.
Completethenotesbelow.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer
Completethenotesbelow.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer
Completethenotesbelow.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer
Completethenotesbelow.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer
随机试题
Globalwarmingisalreadycuttingsubstantiallyintopotentialcropyieldsi
Isyourfamilyinterestedinbuyingadog?Adogcanbeahappy【36】toyourf
下列关于各系统适用范围的叙述中,()是错误的。A.湿式系统适用于:温度不低
具有独立功能,而与其他模块之间没有过多的相互作用的模块,称为独立模块。衡量模块独
尿液分析仪检测尿胆原的原理是A.采用葡萄糖氧化酶-过氧化物酶法 B.采用酸碱指
江泽民发表《为促进祖国统一大业的完成而继续奋斗》的讲话,提出促进两岸和平统一的八
既治中风半身不遂,又治高血压病的是A.桑枝 B.稀莶草 C.五加皮 D.海
下列属于财务预算内容的有()。A.生产预算 B.直接材料预算 C.现金
应税消费品价格明显偏低又无正当理由的,税务机关有权核定其计税价格。下列应税消费品
结构厚度不大而面积或长度较大的混凝土浇筑宜采用()浇筑方案。A.全面分层 B.
最新回复
(
0
)