首页
登录
职称英语
"Civilization" Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significan
"Civilization" Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significan
游客
2024-01-04
47
管理
问题
"Civilization"
Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significant technological developments began to transform the Neolithic towns. The invention of writing enabled records to be kept, and the use of metals marked a new level of human control over the environment and its resources. Already before 4000 B.C., craftspeople had discovered that metal-bearing rocks could be heated to liquefy metals, which could then be cast in molds to produce tools and weapons that were more useful than stone instruments. Although copper was the first metal to be utilized in producing tools, after 4000 B.C. craftspeople in western Asia discovered that a combination of copper and tin produced bronze, a much harder and more durable metal than copper. Its widespread use has led historians to speak of a Bronze Age from around 3000 to 1200 B.C., when bronze was increasingly replaced by iron.
→ At first, Neolithic settlements were hardly more than villages. But as their inhabitants mastered the art of farming, they gradually began to give birth to more complex human societies. As wealth increased, such societies began to develop armies and to build walled cities. By the beginning of the Bronze Age, the concentration of larger numbers of people in the river valleys of Mesopotamia and Egypt was leading to a whole new pattern for human life.
→ As we have seen, early human beings formed small groups that developed a simple culture that enabled them to survive. As human societies grew and developed greater complexity, a new form of human existence—called civilization-came into being. A civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elements.
Historians have identified a number of bas c character st cs of civilization, most of which are evident inthe Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations.
These include (1) an urban revolution; cities became the focal points for political, economic, social, cultural, and religious development; (2) a distinct religious structure; the gods were deemed crucial to the community’s success, and professional priestly classes, as stewards of the gods’ property, regulated relations with the gods; (3) new political and military structures; an organized government bureaucracy arose to meet the administrative demands of the growing population while armies were organized togain land and power; (4) a new social structure based on economic power; while kings and an upper class of priests, political leaders, and warriors dominated, there also existed large groups of free people (farmers, artisans, craftspeople) and at the very bottom, socially, a class of slaves; (5) the development of writing; kings, priests, merchants, and artisans used writing to keep records; and (6) new forms of significant artistic and intellectual activity, such as monumental architectural structures, usually religious, occu- pied a prominent place in urban environments.
→ Why early civilizations developed remains difficult to explain.A Since civilizations developed independently in India, China, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, can general causes be identified that would explain why all of these civilizations emerged?B A number of possible explanations of the beginning of civilization have been suggested. A theory of challenge and response maintains that challenges forced human beings to make efforts that resulted in the rise of civilization. Some scholars have adhered to a material explanation. C Material forces, such as the growth of food surpluses, made possible the specialization of labor and development of large communities with bureaucratic organization.D But the area of the Fertile Crescent, in which Mesopotamian civilization emerged, was not naturally conducive to agriculture. Abundant food could only be produced with a massive human effort to carefully manage the water, an effort that created the need for organization and bureaucratic control and led to civilized cities. Some historians have argued that nonmaterial forces, primarily religious, provided the sense of unity and purpose that made such organized activities possible. Finally, some scholars doubt that we are capable of ever discovering the actual causes of early civilization. [br] Which of the following is the best definition of a civilization?
选项
A、Neolithic towns and cities
B、Types of complex cultures
C、An agricultural community
D、Large population centers
答案
B
解析
... Neolithic settlements were hardly more than villages. But as their inhabitants mastered the art of farming, they gradually began to give birth to more complex human societies [civilizations]." Choice A is not correct because the Neolithic settlements preceded civilizations. Choice C is not correct because agriculture is mentioned as a cause of the rise in complex cultures, not as a definition of civilization. Choice D is not correct because the population centers increased in size as civilizations grew, but other basic characteristics had to be present as well.
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3332758.html
相关试题推荐
Betweenwhattimesistheroadtrafficlightest?[br]Whatisthebestlayoutfo
Betweenwhattimesistheroadtrafficlightest?[br]Whichisthecorrectconst
Betweenwhattimesistheroadtrafficlightest?[br]doublethicknessplasterb
Betweenwhattimesistheroadtrafficlightest?[br]Whatwillbetheextracos
Betweenwhattimesistheroadtrafficlightest?[br]Whowillnoticethenoise
Atenancyagreementisa______betweenthetenantandthelandlord.[br]Anas
Thereneedstobeabalancebetweentheneedsof______livingindevelopedenvi
Betweenwhattimesistheroadtrafficlightest?[br][originaltext]Goodaftern
Betweenwhattimesistheroadtrafficlightest?[originaltext]Goodafternoon.I
(Between)1905and1907,(floodwaters)fromtheColoradoRiverpouredinto(a)s
随机试题
[img]2015m2s/ct_etoeiclm_etoeiclzp_0901_201511[/img][br][originaltext](A)Hei
Theearlyexpansionofthesugarindustrywasbasedoncanetransportedfrom
[originaltext]M:Ihaveaspecialguesttoday,Shirley.Shirley,youtrulyhave
Theindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostp
某单洞双向交通隧道长1800m,对其进行运营环境检测,检测内容为风压、风速和照
合格循环零售风险暴露的风险特征为:各类无担保的个人循环贷款,对单一客户最大信贷余
奥肯定律是经济学中一个重要的定律,下列有关奥肯定律的说法不正确的是( )。A.奥
《国家电网公司变电验收管理规定》中,变电站技改工程隐蔽工程验收,()应提供关键部
左边给定的是纸盒外表面的展开图,右边哪一项能由它折叠而成?请把它找出来。 A.
根据《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》的有关规定,产生危险废物单位制定的危
最新回复
(
0
)