首页
登录
职称英语
GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY 1 The Greek word "systema" means union,
GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY 1 The Greek word "systema" means union,
游客
2024-01-04
46
管理
问题
GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY
1 The Greek word "systema" means union, and scientists use the word "system" to describe a collection of several components that are linked to one another by functional relationships. Everything outside the system is known as the surroundings. Most scientific literature is a description of the components of a system, their relationships with one another, and their relationships with other systems. Although each science has its own systems with their own subject matter and networks of relationships, the formal characteristics of systems are similar for all sciences. The scientific discipline called general systems theory formulates principles that are valid for systems in general, no matter the elements involved and the relations or forces among them.
2 Systems can be divided into two types: closed systems and open systems. A closed system receives no supply of energy from outside and transfers no energy outwards. An open system receives energy from its surroundings and transfers it out again.
3 A closed system is isolated fiom its surroundings. The energy supply of a closed system is limited and is progressively used up by the processes operating within the system. The ability of the system to function decreases as the available energy is exhausted. Without any additional energy supplied from the outside, the system’s processes stop altogether and no further change is possible in the system. A mill wheel supplied with water from a non-refillable container is a closed system. Once the container of water is empty, the wheel no longer turns because there is no water to turn it. In a truly closed system, the water would have to be collected below the mill wheel in a second container to ensure that the system did not supply any energy to the outside.
4 Some scientists argue that there are few truly closed systems in nature, and many define closed systems more broadly as those allowing energy but not mass to cross the system boundary. By this definition, the Earth system as a whole is a closed system. The boundary of the Earth system is the outer edge of the atmosphere, and except for the occasional meteorite, virtually no mass is exchanged between the Earth system and the rest of the universe. However, energy in the form of solar radiation passes from the sun, through the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface, which in turn radiates energy back out to space across the system boundary. Hence, energy passes across the Earth’s system boundary, but mass does not, making it a closed system.
5 In an open system, energy and mass can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. Living organisms are open systems. They absorb light energy or chemical energy in the form of organic molecules and release heat and metabolic waste products, such as carbon dioxide, to the surroundings. Generally, relationships exist between the components of a system and its surroundings, that is, other systems. Each open system is part of a larger system that receives and gives off energy. In an open system, the energy is continually resupplied from sources outside the system. In the example of the mill wheel, if the non-refillable water container is replaced by a reservoir fed continuously by a stream, it becomes an open system because the energy supply is renewed from the outside.
6 The natural environment is made up of open systems. These can behave as closed systems temporarily if the energy supply is halted for a period. If, for example, the stream to the reservoir supplying the mill dries up for a long period, the energy consumption of the mill wheel cannot be balanced by new energy supply. The water in the reservoir is used up, and if the dry period is long enough, the mill wheel stops turning. Eventually, the stream may flow again, filling the reservoir and turning the mill wheel again. This occurs because the stream-reservoir-mill system is itself a part of the Earth’s much larger systems of water circulation and water budget, which include condensation, precipitation, run-off, and evaporation. The water systems receive their energy supply from the Earth’s heat budget, which in turn receives its energy supply from the sun’s radiation. [br] The phrase dries up in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to
选项
A、slowly rises
B、becomes warmer
C、is polluted
D、stops flowing
答案
D
解析
Dries up means stops flowing in this context. Clues: ... the energy supply is halted... , ...for example, the stream to the reservoir supplying the mill dries up for a long period...; The water in the reservoir is used up... (1.4)
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3332607.html
相关试题推荐
Corporatecrimeisgenerallycommitted[originaltext]Sofar,intheselectures,
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.GENERALCOURSEDETAILS[br]Whichisthequi
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.GENERALCOURSEDETAILS[br]Whatisthedefi
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.GENERALCOURSEDETAILS[br]AMedicalScienc
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.GENERALCOURSEDETAILS[br]Whoareinterest
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.GENERALCOURSEDETAILS[br]TheBiologycour
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.GENERALCOURSEDETAILS[br]TheMicrobiology
IntheUnitedStates,(the)attorneygeneralisacabinet(member)incharge(wi
Generally,inordertobepreservedinthefossilrecord,organismsmust
Thebankingsystemsoftheworldhavemanysimilarities,______theyalspdiffer
随机试题
Afterthenewtechniquewasintroduced,thefactory______(1998年生产的电视机是前一年的两倍多)
ChineseCalligraphyCalligraphy,thewritingofchar
Reebokexecutivesdonotliketoheartheirstylishathleticshoescalled"f
农民工(migrantworkers)指在城市中从事非农业工作的农业户口(agricultural—registeredresidence)工人。2
砌体的收缩率与下列哪种因素有关?()A.砌体的抗压强度 B.砂浆的抗压强度
一个程序的控制流图中有8个节点、12条边,在测试用例数最少的情况下,确保程序中每
关于期货公司的作用,表述正确的有()。A.期货公司可以通过专业服务实现资产
当总IQ值为110时,则该被试者的IQ值85%~90%可信限水平便在( )的范
账实核对包括( )核对。A.现金日记账余额与实际库存数 B.银行存款日记账余额
有关消防水架空管道中的防晃支架,下列说法正确的是()。A.管径为DN100
最新回复
(
0
)