首页
登录
职称英语
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF TALL BUILDINGS1 Until the ninetee
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF TALL BUILDINGS1 Until the ninetee
游客
2024-01-04
26
管理
问题
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF TALL BUILDINGS
1 Until the nineteenth century, most tall buildings were constructed of load-bearing masonry walls. Masonry walls had to be thick, particularly at the base, to support a building’s great weight. Stoneworkers built these walls by placing stone upon stone or brick upon brick, adding strength and stability by placing layers of mortar or cement between the stones. Floors and roofs had to be supported by wooden beams, but the major vertical
force
of buildings was supported by thick masonry walls. This imposed serious limitations on the number and size of windows.
2 In the 1850s, an alternative was emerging that would eliminate the need for exterior weight-bearing walls: a three-dimensional grid of metal beams and columns. The introduction of metal construction made it possible to build larger interior spaces with fewer columns than before. The new construction was capable of supporting all the loads to which a building might be subjected, including the vertical forces caused by the weight of the floors and the horizontal forces caused by the wind or earthquakes.
3 The first buildings to depart from the load-bearing wall tradition were iron-framed. Wrought iron, shaped by hammering the heated metal or roiling it under extreme pressure, contains almost no carbon, and when used as floor beams, it can support a great deal of weight. An interior wrought iron skeleton supported all of the hnilding’s weight. Exterior walls of reinforced concrete acted mainly as weatherproofing.
As masonry yielded to concrete, walls that once bore weight evolved into thin curtain walls that would allow more windows.
These modifications produced sturdier, lighter, and taller buildings that quickly became known as skyscrapers. Skyscrapers satisfied the growing need for office space, warehouses, and department stores. Buildings of eight or more stories quickly transformed the city skyline and dominated the central business districts of American cities such as New York, Chicago, and St. Louis.
4 Skyscrapers differed from previous tall structures with their use of technical innovations such as cast iron and the elevator. The development of cast iron technology, in which molten iron is poured into a mold, made modern plumbing possible. Cast iron pipes, fittings, and valves could deliver pressurized water to the many floors of tall buildings and drain wastewater out. The invention of the mechanical elevator made it possible to construct even taller buildings. Before the elevator, office buildings were rarely more than four or five stories high. In 1857, the first passenger elevator equipped with safety brakes prevented the elevator from falling to the basement when a cable broke. The elevator made the upper floors as
rentable
as the first floor, liberating architecture from dependence on stairways and human muscle.
5 Not only did these innovations have important uses in the engineering of tall buildings, but
they
also erased the traditional architectural distinctions separating the bottom, middle, and top of a building. Architects designed towers that reached to the heavens in a continuous vertical grid. Iron construction established the principle of repetitive rhythms as a natural expression of construction, as well as the idea that buildings could be made of new materials on a vast scale.
6 Construction techniques were
refined
and extended over the next several decades to produce what architectural historians have called "true skyscrapers," buildings over twenty stories high. The invention of steel was particularly significanti as steel T-beams and I-beams replaced iron in these new structures. Steel weighs less than half as much as masonry and exceeds both masonry and iron in tension and compression strength as well as resistance to fatigue. Steel rivets replaced iron bolts and were in turn replaced by electric arc welding in the 1920s. The skyscraper’s steel skeleton could meet all of the structural requirements while occupying very little interior space. Exterior curtain walls could be quite thin, since their only function now was to let in light and keep the weather out. [br] According to the passage, why did steel replace iron in the construction of skyscrapers?
选项
A、Steel is stronger than iron and resists fatigue better.
B、Steel allows architects more freedom of expression.
C、Steel is more available and less expensive than iron.
D、Steel does not rust, so it lasts longer than iron does.
答案
A
解析
Steel replaced iron in the construction of skyscrapers because steel is stronger than iron and resists fatigue better. Clues: ...steel T-beams and I-beams replaced iron in these new structures; Steel...exceeds both masonry and iron in tension and compression strength as well as resistance to fatigue. (1.1)
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3332596.html
相关试题推荐
CITYARCHIVESAnineteenth-centurydocumentsBmapsCpersonalpapersDphotog
CITYARCHIVESAnineteenth-centurydocumentsBmapsCpersonalpapersDphotog
Duringthenineteenthcenturythemoleculartheoryofmatterwasdeveloped,(whi
Themainpointofthepassageisthattheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesw
Themainpointofthepassageisthattheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesw
Themainpointofthepassageisthattheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesw
Themainpointofthepassageisthattheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesw
Themainpointofthepassageisthattheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesw
Themainpointofthepassageisthattheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesw
Inthenineteenthcentury,Montrealgrew(into)animportant(transportation)an
随机试题
[originaltext] (16)Choosingwhattoeatseemslikeasimpledecision,butvari
总配电箱额定漏电动作电流与额定漏电动作时间的乘积不应大于()mA·s。A.
患者,男,50岁,以SAH收治入院,病人早期血管造影未找到出血原因,但发现存在脑
男性,28岁,低热、干咳4周。X线胸片示双下肺散在斑片状阴影。血WBC及分类正常
A.麻杏石甘汤 B.桂枝汤 C.大青龙汤 D.柴葛解肌汤 E.九味羌活汤
吐温80增加难溶性药物的溶解度的机制是A.形成乳剂 B.形成胶束 C.改变吐
城市必须集中,只有集中的城市才有生命力,由于拥挤而带来的城市问题是完全可以通过技
根据民政部门制订的居家养老方案,某地政府将全区80岁以上的老人发放生活补贴。由此
2×19年1月1日,甲公司与乙公司签订一项租赁合同,将当日购入的一幢写字楼出租给
会计核算法是项目成本核算的一种重要方法,下列属于会计核算法特点的是()。A.人
最新回复
(
0
)