首页
登录
职称英语
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF TALL BUILDINGS1 Until the ninetee
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF TALL BUILDINGS1 Until the ninetee
游客
2024-01-04
16
管理
问题
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF TALL BUILDINGS
1 Until the nineteenth century, most tall buildings were constructed of load-bearing masonry walls. Masonry walls had to be thick, particularly at the base, to support a building’s great weight. Stoneworkers built these walls by placing stone upon stone or brick upon brick, adding strength and stability by placing layers of mortar or cement between the stones. Floors and roofs had to be supported by wooden beams, but the major vertical
force
of buildings was supported by thick masonry walls. This imposed serious limitations on the number and size of windows.
2 In the 1850s, an alternative was emerging that would eliminate the need for exterior weight-bearing walls: a three-dimensional grid of metal beams and columns. The introduction of metal construction made it possible to build larger interior spaces with fewer columns than before. The new construction was capable of supporting all the loads to which a building might be subjected, including the vertical forces caused by the weight of the floors and the horizontal forces caused by the wind or earthquakes.
3 The first buildings to depart from the load-bearing wall tradition were iron-framed. Wrought iron, shaped by hammering the heated metal or roiling it under extreme pressure, contains almost no carbon, and when used as floor beams, it can support a great deal of weight. An interior wrought iron skeleton supported all of the hnilding’s weight. Exterior walls of reinforced concrete acted mainly as weatherproofing.
As masonry yielded to concrete, walls that once bore weight evolved into thin curtain walls that would allow more windows.
These modifications produced sturdier, lighter, and taller buildings that quickly became known as skyscrapers. Skyscrapers satisfied the growing need for office space, warehouses, and department stores. Buildings of eight or more stories quickly transformed the city skyline and dominated the central business districts of American cities such as New York, Chicago, and St. Louis.
4 Skyscrapers differed from previous tall structures with their use of technical innovations such as cast iron and the elevator. The development of cast iron technology, in which molten iron is poured into a mold, made modern plumbing possible. Cast iron pipes, fittings, and valves could deliver pressurized water to the many floors of tall buildings and drain wastewater out. The invention of the mechanical elevator made it possible to construct even taller buildings. Before the elevator, office buildings were rarely more than four or five stories high. In 1857, the first passenger elevator equipped with safety brakes prevented the elevator from falling to the basement when a cable broke. The elevator made the upper floors as
rentable
as the first floor, liberating architecture from dependence on stairways and human muscle.
5 Not only did these innovations have important uses in the engineering of tall buildings, but
they
also erased the traditional architectural distinctions separating the bottom, middle, and top of a building. Architects designed towers that reached to the heavens in a continuous vertical grid. Iron construction established the principle of repetitive rhythms as a natural expression of construction, as well as the idea that buildings could be made of new materials on a vast scale.
6 Construction techniques were
refined
and extended over the next several decades to produce what architectural historians have called "true skyscrapers," buildings over twenty stories high. The invention of steel was particularly significanti as steel T-beams and I-beams replaced iron in these new structures. Steel weighs less than half as much as masonry and exceeds both masonry and iron in tension and compression strength as well as resistance to fatigue. Steel rivets replaced iron bolts and were in turn replaced by electric arc welding in the 1920s. The skyscraper’s steel skeleton could meet all of the structural requirements while occupying very little interior space. Exterior curtain walls could be quite thin, since their only function now was to let in light and keep the weather out. [br] Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
选项
A、Although masonry walls could bear heavie: loads, architects preferred concrete walls because they were easier to build.
B、Walls used to be made of load-bearing masonry; now they were thin and made of concrete, so more windows were possible.
C、Because tall buildings had such thin exterior walls, the windows needed curtain to prevent heat loss through the concrete.
D、Masonry replaced concrete as the material for outside walls, and this allowed skyscrapers to have a lot of windows.
答案
B
解析
As masonry yielded to concrete.., is paraphrased in ...now they were...made of concrete... ; ... walls that once bore weight.., is paraphrased in Walls used to be made of load-bearing masonry... ; ... evolved into thin curtain walls that would allow more windows is paraphrased in ...now they were thin so more windows were possible. ( 1.7)
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3332590.html
相关试题推荐
CITYARCHIVESAnineteenth-centurydocumentsBmapsCpersonalpapersDphotog
CITYARCHIVESAnineteenth-centurydocumentsBmapsCpersonalpapersDphotog
CITYARCHIVESAnineteenth-centurydocumentsBmapsCpersonalpapersDphotog
CITYARCHIVESAnineteenth-centurydocumentsBmapsCpersonalpapersDphotog
In(theearly)nineteenthcentury,theCherokeenationofAmericanIndians(was
Themainpointofthepassageisthattheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesw
Themainpointofthepassageisthattheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesw
Themainpointofthepassageisthattheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesw
Themainpointofthepassageisthattheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesw
Inthenineteenthcentury,Montrealgrew(into)animportant(transportation)an
随机试题
[originaltext]InJune,mybandperformedatapartyataLowerEastSidebo
Thekeytoagoodinterviewisthoroughpreparation.Ifyouhavepreparedyou
【B1】[br]【B12】A、onB、againstC、withD、toD本题考查惯用法。bedevotedto意思为“致力于……”。
单颌多数后牙缺失,若缺牙间隙正常,对颌天然牙排列正常,常选用的用以修复失牙的为
房地产司法拍卖估价,评估的应当是( )。A.市场价值 B.最高价值 C.
表象的概括性表明它接近于( )A.思维 B.记忆 C.感知 D.想象
点价交易从本质上看是一种为()定价的方式。A.期货贸易 B.远期交易 C.
A.高效液相色谱-质谱法 B.紫外-可见分光光度法 C.原子吸收分光光度法
首选治疗药物是A.输血小板浓缩液 B.抗纤溶药物 C.免疫抑制剂 D.脾切
下列各项中,属于环境保护税纳税人的有( )。A.直接向河流排放污水的造纸企业
最新回复
(
0
)