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  3. The Writing section tests your ability to write essays in English similar to

The Writing section tests your ability to write essays in English similar to

游客2024-01-04  8
问题     The Writing section tests your ability to write essays in English similar to those that you would write in college courses.
    During the test, you will write two essays. The integrated essay asks for your response to an academic reading passage and a lecture on the same topic. You may take notes as you read and listen, but notes are not graded. You may use your notes to write the essay. The lecture will be spoken, but the directions and the questions will be written. You will have 20 minutes to plan, write, and revise your response. Typically, a good essay for the integrated topic will require that you write 150-225 words.
    The independent essay usually asks for your opinion about a familiar topic. You will have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your response. Typically, a good essay for the independent topic will require that you write 300-350 words.
    A clock on the screen will show you how much time you have to complete each essay.
    Integrated Essay "Effective Discipline"
    You have 20 minutes to plan, write, and revise your response to a reading passage and a lecture on the same topic. First, read the passage and take notes. Then, listen to the lecture and take notes. Finally, write your response to the writing question. Typically, a good response will require that you write 150-225 words.
    According to the most recent research on parenting, caretakers tend to use three strategies for disciplining children. Power includes the use of physical punishment such as a spanking or the threat of physical punishment, but parents can also demonstrate power by taking away a privilege such as using the car, attending a sporting event, or, in the case of a very young child, playing with a favorite toy. In spite of the fact that power strategies, especially severe physical punishment, can cause children to fear or even hate parents, it’s surprising that power remains the strategy used most often in disciplining children. It’s also worth noting that children who are harshly disciplined in this way tend to be hostile, defiant, and aggressive socially. Second in popularity after power is the withholding of affection. This can take the form of refusal to communicate with a child, threatening to abandon or reject the child, or otherwise treating children as though they were unworthy of love. Interesting enough, children disciplined in this way appear on the surface to be very self-disciplined, even model children who are seldom in trouble, but underneath, these same children erally very nervous, insecure, and dependent on others to approve of and guide their evaluation of behavior. Finally, management techniques are employed for discipline. These begin with a set of rules that are clearly expressed at an age-appropriate level. To enforce the rules, parents use a combination of praise and approval with explanation and reasoning, always referring back to the rules.
    But regardless of the strategy, the behavior that has precipitated punishment should be clearly understood, and the consequences should be consistent. Key to any kind of discipline is a pattern of consistency so that children understand the relationship between the rules, their behavior, and the consequences.
    Model Test 5, Writing Section, Audio-08, Track 3

    Now listen to a lecture on the same topic as the passage that you have just read.
    Question
    Referring to the main points in the lecture, summarize the professor’s views on effective discipline and contrast them with the options that parents tend to use, as outlined in the reading passage.
[Narrator] Now listen to a lecture on the same topic as the passage that you have just read.
[Professor]
    So now let’s talk about how discipline relates to self-esteem. In studies of children, Coopersmith found that power and withholding of affection were associated with children who demonstrated low self-esteem, but management techniques were associated with children who exhibited high self-esteem. So, it seems that parents should use physical punishment and withholding of affection with caution, right? Well, most psychologists oppose physical punishment for children under the age of 2, and some psychologists believe that discipline should be achieved without any physical punishment for children of all ages, referencing the fact that discipline means "to teach" whereas punishment means "to harm." Anyway, it’s generally agreed that reinforcement of good behavior is more effective than waiting for bad behavior that requires punishment. But when discipline is necessary, setting limits with negative consequences that are consistently enforced seems to promote healthy development of self-esteem in children, especially when these management techniques are supplemented with approval, attention, and affection. I mean, when parents try to catch their children in the act of doing something right and use that as a basis for positive reinforcement of their behavior.
    Example Answers and Checklists for Speaking and Writing
    Model Test 5, Example Answers, Audio-08, Track 4
    EXAMPLE ANSWER FOR INDEPENDENT SPEAKING QUESTION 1 "A TOURIST ATTRACTION"
    Although a case could be made for showing a tourist the beautiful mountain region or the historic capital city in my country, I would probably take a tourist to my home because living with a family would give this visitor a perspective about my country that few tourists have. Shopping, eating meals together, um... interacting and participating in the usual everyday activities, attending religious services, and... and visiting friends in their homes, um, this would let the visitor live in my culture for awhile. I think this is more impressive than taking photos of places because you can see all of the usual tourist attractions in videos or magazines, but you can’t understand how people live unless you live with them.
    Checklist 1
    The talk answers the topic question.
    The point of view or position is clear.
    The talk is direct and well-organized.
    The sentences are logically connected.
    Details and examples support the main idea.
    The speaker expresses complete thoughts.
    The meaning is easy to comprehend.
    A wide range of vocabulary is used.
    There are only minor errors in grammar.
    The talk is within a range of 125-150 words.
    EXAMPLE ANSWER FOR INDEPENDENT SPEAKING QUESTION 2 "SUCCESS"
    I think it’s important to set goals and work hard to achieve them. For one thing, goals help you think clearly about what you’re doing. By identifying goals, you get organized. Another thing is the advantage of sharing goals with people who can help you. If others know what you’re trying to do, sometimes they give you advice or assistance. As for good luck, I agree that a lucky opportunity or a chance meeting with a person who can help you is sometimes a key to success... but unless you know where you’re going and what you want to achieve, you might not even recognize a lucky opportunity. So, in my opinion, the best way to succeed is to know what you want and work to create your own good fortune. Then, if luck shines on you, you’ll just reach your goal sooner.
    Checklist 2
    The talk answers the topic question.
    The point of view or position is clear.
    The talk is direct and well-organized.
    The sentences are logically connected.
    Details and examples support the main idea.
    The speaker expresses complete thoughts.
    The meaning is easy to comprehend.
    A wide range of vocabulary is used.
    There are only minor errors in grammar.
    The talk is within a range of 125-150 words.
    EXAMPLE ANSWER FOR INTEGRATED SPEAKING QUESTION 3 "AUTO REGISTRATION"
    To park on campus, students have to buy permits for each vehicle. They cost $20. The woman doesn’t oppose the fee, but she believes that it... I mean the fee... it should cover all the vehicles that a student might need to use. She uses a personal example from last term when she had to drive her husband’s car and she got. a ticket even though she had a paid permit for her own car. So, um, so her solution is to pay for parking on campus and then display the permit on the vehicle that the student happens to be driving that day. That way, if there are several cars in the family, the student can drive any of them, using the same parking permit. In other words, she thinks that the $20 registration should be for the student who needs the parking space, not for the vehicle that the student’s driving.
    Checklist 3
    The talk summarizes the situation and opinion.
    The point of view or position is clear.
    The talk is direct and well-organized.
    The sentences are logically connected.
    Details and examples support the opinion.
    The speaker expresses complete thoughts.
    The meaning is easy to comprehend.
    A wide range of vocabulary is used.
    Errors in grammar are minor.
    The talk is within a range of 125-150 words.
    EXAMPLE ANSWER FOR INTEGRATED SPEAKING QUESTION 4 "STRESS"
    Stress is caused by changes in the environment that require people to adjust to new circumstances. It’s interesting that these new conditions don’t have to be negative. For example, you’d expect to have stress after a divorce or a health problem, but even moving to a new house or going on a trip can be stressful. Okay, in the experiment by Weiss, one group of rats was shocked after they heard a tone, so they knew that the shock was going to happen. Another group of rats heard the tone but didn’t get the shock, and the other group received shocks at random without warning. So... the rats that received shocks without warning... they were the ones who developed ulcers but the other two groups had fewer ulcers or none at all. And this research proved that unexpected experiences are more stressful than those we can predict. Additional investigations also showed that even a little bit of control like choosing times to rest or eat could reduce stress.
    Checklist 4
    The talk relates an example to a concept.
    Inaccuracies in the content are minor.
    The talk is direct and well-organized.
    The sentences are logically connected.
    Details and examples support the opinion.
    The speaker expresses complete thoughts.
    The meaning is easy to comprehend.
    A wide range of vocabulary is used.
    The speaker paraphrases in his/her own words.
    The speaker credits the lecturer with wording.
    Errors in grammar are minor.
    The talk is within a range of 125-150 words.
    EXAMPLE ANSWER FOR INTEGRATED SPEAKING QUESTION 5 "ART PROJECT"
    The woman’s trying to decide what to do for her project and her friend makes a couple of suggestions. He encourages her to paint a watercolor in front of the class while she’s.giving a talk about watercolor. The advantage of that project is she wouldn’t have to prepare very much before the presentation. The other idea is to show three different versions of one subject, like a flower... in watercolor, a pencil sketch, and maybe a photograph. She could talk about the pluses and minuses of working in each of the three media. Um, the advantage of the second project is that she could prepare it before class, but the problem is it would be more time-consuming. I think she should go with the second idea because she seemed nervous about doing a spontaneous watercolor, and even though it would take more time, showing the three pieces of art would be less stressful and the advanced preparation might influence the professor to give her a better grade.
    Checklist 5
    The talk summarizes the problem and recommendations.
    The speaker’s point of view or position is clear.
    The talk is direct and well-organized.
    The sentences are logically connected.
    Details and examples support the opinion.
    The speaker expresses complete thoughts.
    The meaning is easy to comprehend.
    A wide range of vocabulary is used.
    Errors in grammar are minor.
    The talk is within a range of 125-150 words.
    EXAMPLE ANSWER FOR INTEGRATED SPEAKING QUESTION 6 "CAVERNS"
    The rock formations in caverns are made up of water that’s saturated with dissolved minerals. As they drip and deposit themselves in the cave, you’ll notice some of them hang from the ceiling and some of them grow up from the floor. The terms for each of these deposits are so similar that the professor suggests some tricks to help keep them straight. Stalactite has the letter t in it, which reminds students of a tail that hangs down... but stalagmite has the letter m in it, which brings to mind two points that stick up. He also points out that stalactite has a c in it, like the word ceiling, and stalactites drip down from the ceiling, but stalagmite has a g in it, like the word ground, and stalagmites grow up from the ground.So... so these, uh, memory aids... they help us recall that stalactites are the rock formations that grow down from the cavern and stalagmites are the ones that grow up from the floor.
    Checklist 6
    The talk summarizes a short lecture.
    Inaccuracies in the content are minor.
    The talk is direct and well-organized.
    The sentences are logically connected.
    Details and examples support the opinion.
    The speaker expresses complete thoughts.
    The meaning is easy to comprehend.
    A wide range of vocabulary is used.
    The speaker paraphrases in his/her own words.
    The speaker credits the lecturer with wording.
    Errors in grammar are minor.
    The talk is within a range of 125-150 words.
    EXAMPLE RESPONSE FOR INTEGRATED ESSAY "EFFECTIVE DISCIPLINE"
    Outline
    Professor’s view—effective discipline
    Reinforce correct behavior
    Coopersmith study
    Withholding of affection → low self-est.
    Management strategies → high self-est.
    Most psychologists no physical consequences
    children—2
    Consistent consequences/limits
    Common strategies
    Power = physical punishment
    Withdrawal affection
    Management strategies
    Results in children
    Harsh power = aggressive + rebellious
    Withholding or threats/abandon = insecurity + dependence/approval
    Behavior → disciplinary action clear
    Consequences consistent
    discipline "to teach"
    punishment "to harm"
    Map
    Checklist for Integrated Essay
    The essay answers the topic question.
    Inaccuracies in the content are minor.
    The essay is direct and well-organized.
    The sentences are logically connected.
    Details and examples support the main idea.
    The writer expresses complete thoughts.
    The meaning is easy to comprehend.
    A wide range of vocabulary is used.
    The writer paraphrases in his/her own words.
    The writer credits the author with wording.
    Errors in grammar and idioms are minor.
    The essay is within a range of 150-225 words.
    EXAMPLE RESPONSE FOR INDEPENDENT ESSAY "TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS"
    Outline
    Computer
    Mail
    Meetings + conferences
    Language
    Cheaper, easier to exchange information
    Map
选项
答案                      Example Essay
    The professor advocates the reinforcement of correct behavior rather than the punishment of incorrect behavior. He refers to a study by Coopersmith in which children who experienced "withholding of affection" also showed signs of low self-esteem, whereas children who were disciplined using management strategies displayed high self-esteem. According to the lecture, most psychologists do not recommend physical consequences for children younger than two years old, and some oppose physical
punishment for older children as well. When punishment is required, a consistent set of consequences for children who disregard the limits appears to engender positive self-esteem along with maturity.
    Unfortunately, the three most common strategies that parents and caretakers use are, in order of frequency, power strategies, which include physical punishment; the withdrawal of affection; and management strategies. Children who are disciplined with harsh power strategies tend to become aggressive and rebellious. In contrast, children who experience the withholding of affection, including lack of communication or even threats of abandonment, can develop feelings of insecurity and dependence on others for approval in spite of model behavior while they are growing up.
    In all forms of discipline, the relationship between the behavior and the disciplinary action should be clear and the consequences consistent, but, when making a choice for children, it may be worthwhile to reflect on the definition of discipline, which means "to teach" versus punishment, which means "to harm."
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