NarratorListen to part of a lecture in a psychology class.Now get ready to ans

Narrator
Listen to part of a lecture in a psychology class.
Professor
OK, uh let’s um, let’s start. All Jim Abbott ever wanted to do...uh... was play baseball. This is not an unusual ambition, perhaps, but Jim Abbott was born with a condition that might have dampened the motivation of most others: He has no...uh...no right hand. You’d never know it watching him pitch in the Majors, though(he’s currently with the Angels). What would motivate a young man to pursue a goal that everyone told him was impossible?
    The words motivation and emotion...uh...both come from the Latin root meaning "move", and the psychology of motivation is indeed the study of what...what moves why we do what we do. Like emotion, motivation involves physiological processes, cognitive processes, and social and cultural processes that shape its expression. Emotion can motivate us to behave in particular ways: Anger can move us to shout, fear can move us to run, and love moves us...us...um to do all sorts of things. But emotion is only one kind of motivating force.
    In general, motivation refers to...to an inferred process within a person or animal that causes the organism to move toward a goal. The goal may be to satisfy a biological need, as in eating a sandwich to reduce hunger. The goal may be to fulfill a psychological ambition, such as...as...discovering a vaccine for AIDS or winning a Nobel Prize. But psychologists who study motivation, like those who study emotion, often disagree about what the phenomenon is, what causes it, and how to identify it. If you...uh...see a woman eating a doughnut, you don’t necessarily know her motive for doing so. Perhaps she is ravenously hungry and could eat anything you put in front of her? perhaps she has an insatiable passion for doughnuts and will eat one even if she has just consumed a five-course meal; perhaps she hates doughnuts but is being polite because a friend brought her one as a surprise. Moreover, just as several emotions usually cluster together, so several motives may...may operate together, sometimes...uh...in different directions. A man may be motivated to achieve financial success and to be a good father, but what happens when one motive conflicts with the other?
    For many decades, the study of motivation was dominated by drive theory put forward by Hull in 1943. In drive theory, biological needs result from states of physical deprivation, such as a lack of food or water. Such needs create a...a physiological drive, a state of tension that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. We have only a few primary(unlearned)drives, including hunger, thirst, excessive cold and pain. Although physical energy fuels most human motives, it soon became apparent that drive theory could not account for the complexity and variety of human motivations. As drive theory went out of fashion, so did the field of motivation as a major topic in psychology.
    Recently, uh...however, research on motivation has been reinvigorated by the "cognitive revolution" - the emphasis throughout psychology on the fact that people are conscious creatures who think and plan ahead, who set goals for themselves and plot strategies to reach them. Modern motivational research tends to emphasize what is unique in human aspirations such as the pursuit of fame, romantic love, athletic perfection, or a seemingly impossible goal such as rowing across the ocean. These social motives(in contrast to biological drives)are learned, some in childhood, some in later life, and they are called "social" because they develop in the context of family, environment, and culture. We now focus on one of the domains of adult life that we think best illustrate the cognitive and biological complexities of human social motivation; love.
    OK...the need for affiliation refers to the motive to be with others, to make friends, to cooperate, to love. Our lives would be impossible without connection to others. Human development depends on the child’s ability to form attachments and to learn from adults and peers, and on the adult’s ability to form relationships with intimate partners, family, friends, and colleagues. No one doesn’t need someone.
    Of course, individuals vary in their need for affiliation; some like "lots of space" and "breathing room", and others like to be surrounded by friends and family every minute of the day. Cultures, too, vary in the value they place on affiliation. American culture emphasizes independence and self-reliance, but Latino and Asian cultures emphasize family cohesiveness, group interdependence, arid teamwork. In the United States "dependence" is almost a dirty word, but in Japan the need for dependence is assumed to be powerful and necessary. In reality, all individuals are dependent; but they often depend on one another for different things at different ages.
Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.
1. Why does the professor mention Jim Abbott?
2. According to the professor, what is motivation?
3. According to the professor, what is the main problem with the drive theory?
4. What aspect of modern motivation research does the professor mainly discuss?
5. What is the professor’s opinion of affiliation?
Professor
In reality, all individuals are dependent, but they often depend on one another for different things at different ages.
Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question.
Professor
In the United States "dependence" is almost a dirty word, but in Japan the need for dependence is assumed to be powerful and necessary.
6. What does the author imply when he says this?
Professor
In the United States "dependence" is almost a dirty word...