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  3. Pest ControlP1: Pest control is at least as old as agriculture, as there has al

Pest ControlP1: Pest control is at least as old as agriculture, as there has al

游客2024-01-03  14
问题 Pest Control
P1: Pest control is at least as old as agriculture, as there has always been a need to keep crops free from pests. Many pest species that are native to North America, such as white-footed mice and ground moles, are more nuisance pests and are usually regulated by native predators and parasites. This situation is not true for non-indigenous pests in North America, such as brown rats and cockroaches. It is evident that measures must be undertaken to eradicate these pests. One of the most popular methods of pest control is using chemical pesticides, which can be dated back 4,500 years, when the Sumerians used sulfur compounds as insecticides. However, chemical control has its downsides. For one thing, chemical pesticides have many unintended consequences through their effects not just on the target species, but on a wide array of non-target species as well, often eliminating them and thereby upsetting the existing food webs, especially through the suppression of native predator species. For another, living organisms evolve and increase their resistance to chemical pesticides unless the target population is completely exterminated or is rendered incapable of reproduction.
P2: Importation or classical biological control involves the introduction of a pest’s natural enemies to a new locale where they do not occur naturally. Farmers long ago observed that enemies of pests act as controls. As early as 300 C.E., the Chinese were introducing predatory ants into their citrus orchards to control leaf-eating caterpillars. Early instances of such pest control methods were often unofficial and not based on research, and some introduced species became serious pests themselves. When they adapt to the new environment and leave their enemies behind, these species can quickly get out of control and become a real problem for local populations. Because serious pests are often non-native species, biological control involves the introduction of a non-indigenous predator or parasite to control the pest. For instance, the introduction of the cactus-eating moth, a native of Argentina, into Australia effectively reduced and controlled the rapidly spreading prickly pear, which had been introduced into Australia in 1901.
P3: But biological control, like chemical control, can backfire. The success of the cactus-feeding moth in controlling prickly pear numbers in Australia encouraged its introduction to several West Indies islands to control prickly pear there. In time, the moth made its way to Florida, where it now threatens the existence of several native prickly pear species. The moral is that sometimes when a non-native bioagent is introduced to control a non-native pest species, it, in turn, becomes a threat that must be assessed before it can be released.
P4: To make up for the drawbacks of both chemical and biological control methods, entomologists have invented a broad-based approach that integrates practices for economic control of pests, which is known as "Integrated Pest Management" (IPM). IPM involves the careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment. The objective of IPM is to control the pest not at the time of a major outbreak, but at an earlier time, when the size of the population is easier to control. The approach is to rely first on natural mortality caused by weather and natural enemies, with as little disruption of the natural system as possible, and to use other methods only if they are needed to hold the pest below the economic injury level.
P5: IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms. Entomologists and ecologists have urged the adoption of IPM pest control since the 1970s IPM allows for safer pest control. This includes considerable field work managing insects, plant pathogens, and weeds, and the intensity of control or no control is based on the degree of pest damage that can be tolerated, the costs of control, and the benefits to be derived.
P1: Pest control is at least as old as agriculture, as there has always been a need to keep crops free from pests. Many pest species that are native to North America, such as white-footed mice and ground moles, are more nuisance pests and are usually regulated by native predators and parasites. This situation is not true for non-indigenous pests in North America, such as brown rats and cockroaches. It is evident that measures must be undertaken to eradicate these pests.
■ One of the most popular methods of pest control is using chemical pesticides, which date back 4,500 years, when the Sumerians used sulfur compounds as insecticides. However, chemical control has its downsides.
■ For one thing, chemical pesticides have many unintended consequences through their effects not just on the target species, but on a wide array of non-target species as well, often eliminating them and thereby upsetting the existing food webs, especially through the suppression of native predator species. ■ For another, living organisms evolve and increase their resistance to chemical pesticides unless the target population is completely exterminated or is rendered incapable of reproduction. ■ [br] An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text.
Pest control measures vary in their approach and overall degree of success.
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Answer Choices
A Biological methods of pest control were introduced by the ancient Sumerians, and chemical control was first used in ancient China.
B Biological control, for example, the use of natural enemies of pests, has been effective at regulating nonnative pests, though it can also threaten the existence of native species.
C Integrated pest management is a holistic approach that has been successful at controlling major pest outbreaks in locations where chemical and biological control have already failed.
D Pesticides are limited in their usefulness because pests quickly become resistant to them, and because they can harm species for which they were not intended.
E The success of biological and chemical approaches to pest control has been difficult to measure because situations vary significantly from one location to another.
F Integrated pest management, an approach that combining many aspects of pest control, reduces the disturbance of ecological as much as possible.
选项
答案 B，D，F
解析 【文章总结题】本文主要讲述了3种控制害虫的方法。第一，化学控制，也就是用农药会误伤许多非目标物种。并且随着时间推移，很多害虫会对农药产生抗药性；第二，生物控制，是用自然天敌或是引入外来物种去控制害虫。但是外来捕食者本身也会产生危害；第三，害虫综合治理，考虑到害虫防治的多个方面，尽可能地减少对生态的影响，弥补了前两种方法的不足。因此涉及害虫防治方法的B、D、F选项正确。A选项属于细节偏离主旨，C、E选项与文章内容不一致。
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