首页
登录
职称英语
Bird SongP1: Bird song has never lacked admirers drawn by its aesthetic qualiti
Bird SongP1: Bird song has never lacked admirers drawn by its aesthetic qualiti
游客
2024-01-03
42
管理
问题
Bird Song
P1: Bird song has never lacked admirers drawn by its aesthetic qualities. But to scientists, bird song is also of interest because it represents an evolutionary flowering of vocal learning. Hereditary information and environment have a crucial role to play in the behavioral patterns of voca learning. Since the pioneering work of W. H. Thorpe on chaffinches (a common European bird), many species of bird have been studied yielding a bountiful harvest of insights into both the learning process and the constraints on what they are able to learn.
P2: To determine how much learning was affected by various factors, Thorpe devised a series of experiments. He hand-reared a group of young chaffinches together in the same cage, keeping them isolated from their parents and any other audio role models. Thorpe found that the song they produced was about the right length and in the correct frequency range, and even structured similarly to those raised in the wild. And yet, the quality of the songs they produced was very poor. They were crude versions of the wild chaffinch’s song, lacking the refinement and detail characteristic of the typical wild adult song, and the song was not split up into distinct phrases as it usually is. In later experiments, researchers played recordings of songs to the chicks and discovered that many of them would learn the exact pattern of the acoustic source. This was particularly remarkable, as juveniles were able to copy the songs that they were only exposed to over the first few weeks of life with extreme precision, though they would not sing themselves until about eight months old. After that brief period, however, the windows of opportunity for the song-learning process apparently shut down for the rest of the birds’ lives.
P3: The songs of different species of birds vary and are generally typical of the species.
Species vary greatly in the complexity of their songs and in the number of distinct kinds of song they sing. In general, however, the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong. The constraints may be innate in their brain’s circuitry. The chick hatches with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy, and the singing of the parents and neighbors activates parts of the song template— syllables or song types used in composing his song. The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be: the length, the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation. In other cases the constraints are more social. During development, young birds may also rearrange the song notes they learn to generate into a new order, which includes many notes that are near or exact matches of material copied from one or more adult models. Thus, young birds are only able to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions. Whatever the nature of the rules that direct song-learning in a particular species, there is no doubt that they are effective; it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs which often occur in its social colonial environment.
P4: However, not all birds show the same learning pattern as do chaffinches. There are some species which produce normal sounds even if deaf, so that they are restricted from the auditory feedback of their own efforts, much less copy those of others. In other cases, such as parrots and hill mynahs, birds can be trained to copy a huge variety of sounds. The amazing capability of mynahs has apparently arisen simply because birds in an area learn more readily from live tutors, though those calls are highly varied in structure. The ability to master them has led the birds, incidentally, to be capable of mimicking a wide variety of other sounds.
P3: The songs of different species of birds vary and are generally typical of the species. ■ Species vary greatly in the complexity of their songs and in the number of distinct kinds of song they sing. In general, however, the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong. ■ The constraints may be innate in their brain’s circuitry. The chick hatches with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy, and the singing of the parents and neighbors activates parts of the song template—syllables or song types used in composing his song. ■ The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be: the length, the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation. ■ In other cases the constraints are more social. During development, young birds may also rearrange the song notes they learn to generate into a new order, which includes many notes that are near or exact matches of material copied from one or more adult models. Thus, young birds are only able to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions. Whatever the nature of the rules that direct song-learning in a particular species, there is no doubt that they are effective; it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs which often occur in its social colonial environment. [br] According to paragraph 2, all of the following are characteristics of the songs of the young chaffinches in Thorpe’s experiment EXCEPT:
选项
A、They were not identical to the songs of normal adult chaffinches.
B、They lacked the complex form of the songs of wild chaffinches.
C、They were as long as the songs of normal adult chaffinches.
D、They were clearly different from each other.
答案
D
解析
【否定事实信息题】这种题型最好用的方法是带着选项去原文对应一一排除。A,B,C都明显都对应,选项D中说幼鸟的歌声不同,而原文提到的是幼鸟和成鸟的歌声不同,所以D选项是答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3328708.html
相关试题推荐
Describethequalitiesofagoodteacherandexplainwhythesequalitiesareeff
Whataresomeimportantqualitiesofagoodsupervisor(boss)?Usespecific
Whataresomeofthequalitiesofagoodparent?Usespecificdetailsandex
Whataretheimportantqualitiesofagoodsonordaughter?Havethesequali
BirdSongP1:Birdsonghasneverlackedadmirersdrawnbyitsaestheticqualiti
BirdSongP1:Birdsonghasneverlackedadmirersdrawnbyitsaestheticqualiti
BirdSongP1:Birdsonghasneverlackedadmirersdrawnbyitsaestheticqualiti
BirdSongP1:Birdsonghasneverlackedadmirersdrawnbyitsaestheticqualiti
BirdSongP1:Birdsonghasneverlackedadmirersdrawnbyitsaestheticqualiti
BirdSongP1:Birdsonghasneverlackedadmirersdrawnbyitsaestheticqualiti
随机试题
Bodylanguageisnotlanguageinthestrictsenseofthewordlanguage;it
A.disgracefulB.imperfectC.holdD.considerationE.approvedF.acco
[originaltext]W:Buttheproblemisweseeallthesepeopleouttheretoday,wi
[originaltext]ChristmastraditionsTherearemanywaystocelebrateChristmas,
电缆可以按照其物理结构类型来分类,目前计算机网络使用较多的电缆类型有()。A.
双涂层时,使用连续热镀锌钢板平均双面锌层质量为150g/m2。()
已登记的股权投资基金管理人未按要求提交经审计的年度财务报告的,以下表述错误的是(
国家环保部门认为建筑施工产生的尘埃占城市尘埃总量的( )以上,此外建筑施工还在噪
( )工作属于全局性工作,能级最高。A.决策层 B.参谋层 C.经
我国第一个《中国居民膳食指南》制定的时间是A.1949年 B.1962年 C
最新回复
(
0
)