首页
登录
职称英语
Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth CenturyP1: Urbaniz
Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth CenturyP1: Urbaniz
游客
2024-01-02
43
管理
问题
Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth Century
P1: Urbanized societies, in which a high proportion of the population lives in cities, developed only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The process of urbanization has moved rapidly in the entire world since 1800, and the peak is not yet in sight. In the United States, early New England towns, formally disposed along wide elm-lined central roadways or commons, exhibit a conscious planning. In discussing the growth of cities in the United States in the nineteenth century, one cannot really use the term "urban planning", as it suggests modern concerns for spatial and service organization which, in most instances, did not exist before the planning revolution called the City Beautiful Movement that began in the 1890s. While there certainly were urban areas that were "planned" in the comprehensive contemporary sense of the word before that date, most notably Washington, D.C., these were the exception. Most "planned" in the nineteenth century was limited to areas much smaller than a city and was closely associated with developers trying to make a profit from a piece of land.
P2: Three forces particularly affected the configuration of urban and suburban areas in the nineteenth century: economics, transportation technology, and demographics. Added to these was the characteristic American preference for independent living, including separate neighborhoods for themselves by building mansions on large plots of land at the edges of the cities or in the countryside. Economic development stemmed from the Industrial Revolution of the 19th centuries transformed urban life and gave people higher expectations for improving their standard of living. The increased number of jobs, along with technological innovations in transportation and housing construction, encouraged migration to cities. People no longer had to live within walking distance of their jobs. Commuting into the city to work became easier and cheaper with constant transportation system improvements and increased ridership.
P3: Demographic patterns also accounted for the urbanization. Urban populations grew steadily due to rural immigrants gravitated to the cheap housing and to the promise of work in or near the center of cities or around factories and emigration from around the globe. As the 19th century drew to a close, the rapid development of cities served as both a uniting and dividing factor in American social, economic, and political life. Cities attracted a rich cross-section of the world’s population, creating a various, metropolitan atmosphere. At the same time, cities forced people from entirely different backgrounds to live and work together in close proximity for the first time, which contributed to diverse urban problems.
P4: Many nineteenth-century urban problems continue to plague cities today, especially those associated with sanitation and mega-fires resulted from lack of planning and regulation. The growth of cities outpaced the ability of local governments to extend clean water, garbage collection, and sewage systems into poorer areas, so conditions in cities deteriorated. Sanitary sewers at that time failed to stop the spread of typhoid, increased its infection rates downstream of sewer outlets, and the miasmatic gasses they were designed to mitigate turned out to not exist. It was not until the 1860s that any serious, concerted effort was made to develop proper systems for water delivery and sewage removal, which caused water contamination and the spread of disease by rodents and insects. During the 19th century, the United States was afflicted with many urban conflagrations and wildfires as tactical firefighting and prevention practices were underdeveloped. Construction with combustible materials coupled with close placement of buildings and the use of open flames in heating, cooking, and lighting meant that the potential for raging fires was ever present.
P5: Cities in the late 19th century were large, compacted, and impersonal places devoted to making money. Typically, development was both unplanned and unrestricted, with landowners making all choices of lot size, services, and street arrangement based only on their individual needs in the marketplace. Not surprisingly, corruption was rampant in city government and city services, in the construction industry, and among landlords and employers. High rents, low wages, and poor services produced misery in the midst of abrupt economic growth.
P2: Three forces particularly affected the configuration of urban and suburban areas in the nineteenth century: economics, transportation technology, and demographics. Added to these was the characteristic American preference both for independent living, including separate neighborhoods for themselves by building mansions on large plots of land at the edges of the cities or in the countryside.■ Economic development stemmed from the Industrial Revolution of the 19th centuries transformed urban life and gave people higher expectations for improving their standard of living. ■The increased number of jobs, along with technological innovations in transportation and housing construction, encouraged migration to cities. ■People no longer had to live within walking distance of their jobs. ■Commuting into the city to work became easier and cheaper with constant system improvements and increased ridership. [br] According to paragraph 5, one of the major consequences of the lack of restrictions and comprehensive urban planning was that
选项
A、infrastructure systems were coordinated by local groups rather than by city governments
B、cities became smaller over time because people began leaving
C、landowners developed urban lots however they wished
D、some housing developments that were begun were never completed
答案
C
解析
【事实信息题】第2句提到19世纪城市发展是没有规划也没有限制的,地主自由地基于个人需求决定城市规模、服务以及街道规划。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3328542.html
相关试题推荐
DEFORESTATIONINNORTHAMERICA1ThelandareaoftheUnitedStat
DEFORESTATIONINNORTHAMERICA1ThelandareaoftheUnitedStat
DEFORESTATIONINNORTHAMERICA1ThelandareaoftheUnitedStat
DEFORESTATIONINNORTHAMERICA1ThelandareaoftheUnitedStat
DEFORESTATIONINNORTHAMERICA1ThelandareaoftheUnitedStat
"FourStagesofPlanetaryDevelopment"PlanetaryDevelopment
"FourStagesofPlanetaryDevelopment"PlanetaryDevelopment
"FourStagesofPlanetaryDevelopment"PlanetaryDevelopment
"FourStagesofPlanetaryDevelopment"PlanetaryDevelopment
"FourStagesofPlanetaryDevelopment"PlanetaryDevelopment
随机试题
Toooftenyoungpeoplegetthemselvesemployedquitebyaccident,notknowin
[originaltext]WhileGailOpp-Kemp,anAmericanartist,wasgivingaspeecho
根据我国相关教育法律法规规定和教育实践,教育法律责任的归责原则主要有()。A.
迈克尔波特认为一般企业都可以视为一个由()一系列创造价值活动组成的链条式集合体
社区护士对待精神分裂症患者的态度错误的是A:应理解精神分裂症患者 B:应将其不
下列属于行为改造激励理论的是A.期望理论 B.需要层次理论 C.双因素理论
共用题干 某洗衣机生产企业通过行业分析发现,洗衣机市场已经趋于饱和,销售额难以
在危险房屋造成损害的事故中,房屋使用人、行为人应当承担的责任有()A:使用人擅自
关于行政单位财务会计报表的说法,错误的是()。A.行政单位的年报按照“资产+支
建设工程组织流水施工时,相邻专业工作队之间的流水步距相等,且施工段之间没有空闲时
最新回复
(
0
)