首页
登录
职称英语
Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth CenturyP1: Urbaniz
Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth CenturyP1: Urbaniz
游客
2024-01-02
20
管理
问题
Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth Century
P1: Urbanized societies, in which a high proportion of the population lives in cities, developed only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The process of urbanization has moved rapidly in the entire world since 1800, and the peak is not yet in sight. In the United States, early New England towns, formally disposed along wide elm-lined central roadways or commons, exhibit a conscious planning. In discussing the growth of cities in the United States in the nineteenth century, one cannot really use the term "urban planning", as it suggests modern concerns for spatial and service organization which, in most instances, did not exist before the planning revolution called the City Beautiful Movement that began in the 1890s. While there certainly were urban areas that were "planned" in the comprehensive contemporary sense of the word before that date, most notably Washington, D.C., these were the exception. Most "planned" in the nineteenth century was limited to areas much smaller than a city and was closely associated with developers trying to make a profit from a piece of land.
P2: Three forces particularly affected the configuration of urban and suburban areas in the nineteenth century: economics, transportation technology, and demographics. Added to these was the characteristic American preference for independent living, including separate neighborhoods for themselves by building mansions on large plots of land at the edges of the cities or in the countryside. Economic development stemmed from the Industrial Revolution of the 19th centuries transformed urban life and gave people higher expectations for improving their standard of living. The increased number of jobs, along with technological innovations in transportation and housing construction, encouraged migration to cities. People no longer had to live within walking distance of their jobs. Commuting into the city to work became easier and cheaper with constant transportation system improvements and increased ridership.
P3: Demographic patterns also accounted for the urbanization. Urban populations grew steadily due to rural immigrants gravitated to the cheap housing and to the promise of work in or near the center of cities or around factories and emigration from around the globe. As the 19th century drew to a close, the rapid development of cities served as both a uniting and dividing factor in American social, economic, and political life. Cities attracted a rich cross-section of the world’s population, creating a various, metropolitan atmosphere. At the same time, cities forced people from entirely different backgrounds to live and work together in close proximity for the first time, which contributed to diverse urban problems.
P4: Many nineteenth-century urban problems continue to plague cities today, especially those associated with sanitation and mega-fires resulted from lack of planning and regulation. The growth of cities outpaced the ability of local governments to extend clean water, garbage collection, and sewage systems into poorer areas, so conditions in cities deteriorated. Sanitary sewers at that time failed to stop the spread of typhoid, increased its infection rates downstream of sewer outlets, and the miasmatic gasses they were designed to mitigate turned out to not exist. It was not until the 1860s that any serious, concerted effort was made to develop proper systems for water delivery and sewage removal, which caused water contamination and the spread of disease by rodents and insects. During the 19th century, the United States was afflicted with many urban conflagrations and wildfires as tactical firefighting and prevention practices were underdeveloped. Construction with combustible materials coupled with close placement of buildings and the use of open flames in heating, cooking, and lighting meant that the potential for raging fires was ever present.
P5: Cities in the late 19th century were large, compacted, and impersonal places devoted to making money. Typically, development was both unplanned and unrestricted, with landowners making all choices of lot size, services, and street arrangement based only on their individual needs in the marketplace. Not surprisingly, corruption was rampant in city government and city services, in the construction industry, and among landlords and employers. High rents, low wages, and poor services produced misery in the midst of abrupt economic growth.
P2: Three forces particularly affected the configuration of urban and suburban areas in the nineteenth century: economics, transportation technology, and demographics. Added to these was the characteristic American preference both for independent living, including separate neighborhoods for themselves by building mansions on large plots of land at the edges of the cities or in the countryside.■ Economic development stemmed from the Industrial Revolution of the 19th centuries transformed urban life and gave people higher expectations for improving their standard of living. ■The increased number of jobs, along with technological innovations in transportation and housing construction, encouraged migration to cities. ■People no longer had to live within walking distance of their jobs. ■Commuting into the city to work became easier and cheaper with constant system improvements and increased ridership. [br] Select the TWO answer choices that, according to the paragraph 1, best describe most urban plans in the nineteenth century. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.
选项
A、They were created to profit land developers.
B、They typically affected only part of a city rather than the whole city.
C、Their success sometimes directly led to other necessary improvements in cities.
D、They were carefully reviewed by city governments.
答案
A,B
解析
【事实信息题】末尾提到大多数19世纪“规划过的”城市都只限于一块小于城市规模的区域,并且与之相关的开发商试图从这一小块土地中获利。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3328533.html
相关试题推荐
ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWOrecentdevelopmentsinroof-gardenbuildinga
Whichattitudeisassociatedwiththefollowingpeopleduringtheconversation?
Whichattitudeisassociatedwiththefollowingpeopleduringtheconversation?
Whichattitudeisassociatedwiththefollowingpeopleduringtheconversation?
Whichattitudeisassociatedwiththefollowingpeopleduringtheconversation?
Whichattitudeisassociatedwiththefollowingpeopleduringtheconversation?
Whichattitudeisassociatedwiththefollowingpeopleduringtheconversation?
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.DevelopmentStudi
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.DevelopmentStudi
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.DevelopmentStudi
随机试题
Whendidpeoplebeginridinganewkindofbike?______.[br][originaltext]
Whatisthesourceofeachonebelowinthissurvey?ChooseFOURanswersfromth
[originaltext]W:ThereisnewdataouttodaythatconfirmsthatmanyAmericans
工程监理人员发现工程设计不符合建筑工程质量标准或合同约定质量要求的( )。A.
2011年上半年,全国电信业务总量累计完成5681.1亿元,比上年同期增长15.
在应用风险模型制定审计计划时,CAE最应考虑的因素是:A.上次审计的结果 B.
对于理财顾问服务,下列理解不正确的是( )。?A.在理财顾问服务中,银行向客户
患者,女性,42岁,颅脑损伤。昏迷,生命体征极不平稳,体温39.5℃,在监护室内
A.人参皂苷C型B.人参三醇C.齐墩果酸D.甘草皂苷E.柴胡皂苷的原皂苷元以上酸
一男婴,营养状况良好,头围46cm,前囟0.5cm,身长75cm。最可能的月龄是
最新回复
(
0
)