首页
登录
职称英语
In contrast to the political anarchy, economic dislocation, and military des
In contrast to the political anarchy, economic dislocation, and military des
游客
2024-01-02
28
管理
问题
In contrast to the political anarchy, economic dislocation, and military destruction in Spanish America, Brazil’s drive toward independence from Portugal proceeded as a relatively bloodless transition between 1808 and 1822. The idea of Brazilian independence first arose in the late eighteenth century as a Brazilian reaction to the Portuguese policy of tightening political and economic control over the colony in the interests of
the mother country
. The first significant conspiracy against Portuguese rule was organized from 1788—1799 in the province of Minas Gerais, where rigid governmental control over the production and prices of gold and diamonds, as well as heavy taxes, caused much discontent. But
this conspiracy
never went beyond the stage of discussion and was easily discovered and crushed. Other conspiracies in the late eighteenth century as well as a brief revolt in 1817 reflected the influence of republican ideas over sections of the elite and even the lower strata of urban society. All proved abortive or were soon crushed. Were it not for an accident of European history, the independence of Brazil might have been long delayed.
The French invasion of Portugal in 1807 followed by the flight of the Portuguese court (sovereign and government officers) to Rio de Janeiro brought large benefits to Brazil. Indeed, the transfer of the court in effect signified achievement of Brazilian independence. The Portuguese prince and future King Joao VI opened Brazil’s ports to the trade of friendly nations, permitted the rise of local industries, and founded the Bank of Brazil. In 1815 he elevated Brazil to the legal status of a kingdom coequal with Portugal. In one sense, however, Brazil’s new status signified the substitution of one dependence for another. Freed from Portuguese control, Brazil came under the economic dominance of England, which obtained major tariff concessions and other privileges by the Strangford Treaty of 1810 between Portugal and Great Britain. The treaty provided for the importation of British manufactures into Brazil and the export of Brazilian agricultural produce to Great Britain. One result was an influx of cheap machine-made goods that swamped the handicrafts industry of
the country
.
Brazilian elites took satisfaction in Brazil’s new role and the growth of educational, cultural, and economic opportunities for their class. But the feeling was mixed with resentment toward the thousands of Portuguese courtiers (officials) and hangers-on
who
came with the court and who competed with Brazilians for jobs and favors. Thus, the change in the status of Brazil sharpened the conflict between Portuguese elites born in Brazil and elites born in Portugal and loyal to the Portuguese crown.
The event that precipitated the break with the mother country was the revolution of 1820 in Portugal. The Portuguese revolutionaries framed a liberal constitution for the kingdom, but
they
were conservative or reactionary in relation to Brazil. They demanded the immediate return of King Joao to Lisbon, an end to the system of dual monarchy that he had devised, and the restoration of the Portuguese commercial monopoly. Timid and vacillating, King Joao did not know which way to turn. Under the pressure of his courtiers, who hungered to return to Portugal and their lost estates, he finally approved the new constitution and sailed for Portugal. He left behind
him
, however, his son and heir, Pedro, and in a private letter advised him that in the event the Brazilians should demand independence, he should assume leadership of the movement and set the crown of Brazil on his head.
Soon it became clear that the Portuguese parliament intended to set the clock back by abrogating all the liberties and concessions won by Brazil since 1808. One of its decrees insisted on the immediate return of Pedro from Brazil. The pace of events moved more rapidly in 1822. On January 9, urged on by Brazilian advisers
who
perceived a golden opportunity to make an orderly transition to independence without the intervention of the masses, Pedro refused an order from the parliament to return to Portugal, saying famously, "I remain." On September 7, regarded by all Brazilians as Independence Day, he issued the even more celebrated proclamation, "Independence or death!" In December 1822, having overcome slight resistance by Portuguese troops, Dom Pedro was formally proclaimed constitutional Emperor of Brazil. [br] The phrase "the mother country" in Paragraph 1 refers to ________.
选项
A、Spanish America
B、Brazil
C、Portugal
D、Minas Gerais
答案
C
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3327668.html
相关试题推荐
ThecityofMemphis,Tennessee,was(a)importantConfederate(militarycenter)
Theeconomic(heart)ofCanada,Ontario(accountsfor)morethan40(percentage)
Intheperiodbetween1918and1939,variouspolitical,economic,andgeographic
Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?[br]Incontrasttotheweathermapsof
Becauseoftheir(rapidly)changing(economically)fortunes,manyfrontiertowns
Economics[img]2012q1/ct_etoefm_etoeflistz_0100_20121[/img][br]Accordingtothe
Economics[img]2012q1/ct_etoefm_etoeflistz_0100_20121[/img][br]Whydothestude
Economics[img]2012q1/ct_etoefm_etoeflistz_0192_20121[/img][br]Whatwillthene
Economics[img]2012q1/ct_etoefm_etoeflistz_0192_20121[/img][br]Accordingtothe
POLITICALSYSTEMSOFTHETWENTIETHCENTURY1Monarchyisaformofg
随机试题
NarratorListentopartofatalkinamusicclass.Nowgetreadytoanswerthe
WhichofthefollowingnewspapersbelongstotheUnitedStates?A、TheWallStreet
Peoplewhosejobsrequirethemtositforlongperiodsoftimesufferasmuc
说近代时期的导游服务是现代导游服务的奠基时期是因为近代时期的导游服务已()。A.
“国家的教育制度只有一个目标,那就是造就公民.”这种教有目的观属于( )A.个
下图是一辆汽车行驶在道路上速度(V)随时间(T)变化的关系图,则下列说法正确的是
申请封闭式基金份额上市交易,应当符合的条件有()。 Ⅰ.基金合同期限为5年以
对搜索引擎的描述错误的是( )A.搜索英文资料,Google较为合适 B.搜
奥苏伯尔的认知结构迁移理论代表了从()观点解释迁移的一种主流倾向。
接地线是()。A.埋入地中并直接与大地接触的金属导体,B电气装置的接地端子与接
最新回复
(
0
)