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What is the lecture mainly about? [br] What evidence indicated that bananas were
What is the lecture mainly about? [br] What evidence indicated that bananas were
游客
2024-01-02
28
管理
问题
What is the lecture mainly about? [br] What evidence indicated that bananas were being cultivated in New Guinea during an earlier period than was previously thought? Choose 3 answers.
Listen to part of a lecture in an anthropology class.
Professor:
We are aware that early agriculture arose independently in several regions of the world, for example, the Middle East, China, Southeast Asia, and parts of the Americas, roughly 10,000 years ago. And then agriculture spread from those areas to the rest of the world.
Now, some archeologists hypothesize that agriculture also developed independently in New Guinea. Up here, you can see a huge island on this map located in the Southwest Pacific, north of Australia. So, for many years, it was considered that New Guinea domesticated crops and animals introduced from Southeast Asia about 3,500 years ago. Then, in the 1960s and 70s, researchers explored sites in the island hoping to find some evidence of independent agriculture development. Unfortunately, though, the research was unsuccessful to gather some conclusive evidence to support their speculation. For example, although evidence was found in deforestation, which is from at least 7,000 years ago—that is long before we’ve thought previously—it was unclear whether the forest had been cleared by farmers to plant crops or by hunter-gatherers to hunt more easily. And most plant remains, like seeds and fruits don’t preserve well in swampy grounds. You know, New Guinea has a very humid environment. So, really the proof was limited.
But, recently, a group of archeologists have come up with some pretty convincing support from a site that had been previously examined: Kuk swamp. As its name implies, it is located on a wetland margin, in the upper Wahgi Valley of the New Guinea highlands. On the basis of their findings, they identified a succession of phases of agriculture development in the wetland and it actually predated the earliest known agricultural influence from Southeast Asia.
By using a modern archeological method, they were able to analyze the sediment samples from each layer of the earth at the site in Kuk. From the oldest soil layer, dating back to 9,000 years ago, they found some features such as pits, postholes and irrigation draining ditches which provide evidence for very early phase of agriculture. That is, these all indicate that crops were being planted. From a higher layer of soil, the second phase, they identified regularly distributed mounds. Mounds were constructed in order to plant crops that don’t grow well in wet soil, such as bananas. Because remember, Kuk is a swampy wetland, and bananas can’t, tolerate the conditions there. And in the layer from Kuk’s third phase, an extensive network of ditches and drainage channels have been found. They were excellent examples of transformation of agricultural practices.
Since the archeologists had more advanced techniques than were available from earlier researchers, the archeologists also were able to identify microfossils in the soil from banana plants, and also grains of starch from taro dating from about 10,000 years ago. It was really significant to find taro remains because it meant that it must have been planted there, brought from the low areas, because taro doesn’t ordinarily grow in the high lands. When it comes to the bananas, in sediment samples dating back from 7,000 years ago, researchers also found a high percentage of fossils from banana plants. This proved that bananas were deliberately planted because where bananas grow naturally, the concentration of the plant fossil is lower. Bananas don’t naturally grow so densely. As a matter of fact, recent genetic comparison research suggests that the type of banana grown in New Guinea was domesticated there, and then brought to South East Asia.
Well, usually, we expect to see certain social changes brought about by the development of agriculture, structural changes in the society like… rapid population surges, and different social classes. But New Guinea? It’s largely unchanged. It remained an egalitarian society. So, what does that tell us about the usual presumption?
选项
A、High concentrations of fossil remains of bananas
B、The discovery of stone tools evidence designed to harvest bananas
C、The presence of regularly distributed mounds
D、Indications that Kuk was not a swampy wetland until approximately 7,000 years ago
E、Genetic analyses of banana remains in New Guinea and Southeast Asia
答案
A,C,E
解析
题目询问哪些证据能表明香蕉被种植于新几内亚的时间比我们想象的要早。首先,教授在谈到土层的第二阶段时提到,从较高的一层土壤中发现了有规律分布的土丘,而这些土丘是为了种植在潮湿土壤中难以生长的作物而建造的,如香蕉,这对应C项。接着,教授又提到,在7,000年前的沉积物样本中发现的香蕉植物化石的密度高,但自然生长的香蕉植物化石的密度都会比较低,这也能说明香蕉是被有意种植的,对应A项。最后,教授还指出,最近的基因比较研究表明,生长在新几内亚的香蕉品种是在当地培育,然后被带到东南亚的。由此可推断,研究者对新几内亚和东南亚的香蕉残体进行了基因对比分析,故E项也是答案。故本题选A、C、E三项。B项“发现能用于收割香蕉的石器的证据”中的stone tools并没有依据。教授没有提到7,000年以前的库克不是沼泽湿地,故排除D项。
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