首页
登录
职称英语
COGNITIVE MAPS IN ANIMALS (1) A
COGNITIVE MAPS IN ANIMALS (1) A
游客
2024-01-02
73
管理
问题
COGNITIVE MAPS IN ANIMALS
(1) A central hypothesis of animal cognition is that many animals make use of cognitive maps—internal representations or codes—of the spatial relationships among objects in their surroundings. In a broad sense, most animals that migrate probably have some internal map of the way external objects are arranged.
(2) The most extensive studies of cognitive maps have been made for animals that
exhibit
seasonal migration, the regular back-and-forth movement of animals between two geographic areas at particular times of the year. [A] Seasonal migration enables many species to access rich food resources throughout the year and to breed or winter in areas that favor survival. [B] One long-distance traveler is the gray whale. [0] During summer, these giant aquatic mammals feast on small, bottom-dwelling invertebrates that abound in northern oceans. [D] In the fall, they leave their northern feeding grounds and begin a long trip south along the North American coastline. Arriving in warm, shallow lagoons off Baja California (Mexico) in the winter months, they breed, and pregnant females give birth to young before migrating back north. The yearly round-trip, some 20,000 kilometers, is the longest for any mammal.
(3) Among insects, the monarch butterfly has one of the most remarkable seasonal migrations. During winter, these insects decorate certain trees at the western tip of Cuba, in a few mountain valleys of central Mexico, and at a few sites along the California coast. All monarchs alive at the end of summer fly south to reach their wintering sites. With the onset of spring, monarchs mate at the wintering sites and begin migrating northward. As they arrive at summer destinations, they lay eggs and then die. Two or more generations are produced during the summer, repopulating the United States and southern Canada. With the approach of fall, the summer’s last generation of monarchs flies south to the wintering grounds. They migrate as far as 4,000 kilometers and end up at a specific site, although they have not flown the route before.
(4) Researchers have found that migrating animals stay on course by using a variety of environmental cues. Gray whales, for instance, seem to use coastal landmarks to pilot their way north and south. Migrating south in the fall, they orient themselves with the North American coastline on their left. Migrating north in the spring, they keep the coast on their right. Whale watchers sometimes see gray whales stick their heads straight up out of the water, perhaps to obtain a visual fix on land. Many birds migrate at night, navigating by the stars the way ancient human soldiers did. In
contrast
, monarch butterflies migrate during the day, resting in trees and bushes at night; genetic programming may enable them to use the Sun as a compass.
(5) Navigating by the Sun or by stars requires an ability to keep track of compass direction. Many migrators also must have an internal
timing mechanism
that
compensates for
the continuous daily movement of Earth relative to celestial objects. The timing mechanism must also allow for the apparent change in position of celestial objects as the animal moves over its migration route. Almost nothing is known yet about the nature of these timing mechanisms. At least one night-migrating bird, the indigo bunting, seems to avoid the need for a timing mechanism by fixing on the North Star, the one bright star in northern skies that appears almost stationary. Researchers have found that buntings learn a star map and fix on a stationary star when navigating at night.
(6) Another interesting, and more or less open, question about migration is how birds continue navigating when the Sun or stars are obscured by clouds. There is strong evidence that some birds can orient themselves to Earth’s magnetic field. Magnetite, the iron-containing mineral once used by sailors as a crude compass, is probably involved in sensing the field. The mineral has been found in the heads of pigeons, in the abdomens of bees, and in certain bacteria that orient themselves to a magnetic field. Future research may show that magnetic sensing is a widespread, important part of a complex navigation mechanism in many animals. [br] The word "compensates for" in the passage is closest in meaning to________.
选项
A、follows
B、recognizes
C、makes up for
D、is consistent with
答案
C
解析
本题是词汇题,考查对compensates for的理解。compensates for意为“补偿、抵消”,C项makes up for同样意为“补偿、弥补”,二者意思最为接近,故选C项。A项follows“跟随”、B项recognizes“承认”和D项is consistent with“与……相一致”与compensates for的意思均不接近。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3327417.html
相关试题推荐
ENDANGEREDSPECIESAlthoughwecannotdoanythingabouttheplantsandanimalst
ENDANGEREDSPECIESAlthoughwecannotdoanythingabouttheplantsandanimalst
Someanimalbehavioristsarguethatcertainanimalscanrememberpasteven
"Piaget’sCognitiveDevelopmentTheory"ThefamousSwisspsychol
"Piaget’sCognitiveDevelopmentTheory"ThefamousSwisspsychol
"Piaget’sCognitiveDevelopmentTheory"ThefamousSwisspsychol
"Piaget’sCognitiveDevelopmentTheory"ThefamousSwisspsychol
"Piaget’sCognitiveDevelopmentTheory"ThefamousSwisspsychol
"Piaget’sCognitiveDevelopmentTheory"ThefamousSwisspsychol
"Piaget’sCognitiveDevelopmentTheory"ThefamousSwisspsychol
随机试题
I’mamazedthattheyoungactressmarriedthephotographersosoon,forshe_____
女,42岁。近几天反复头痛、呕吐,入院后检查确诊为颅内压增高。护士告知颅内压的正
蜡封法测土的密度适用于易破裂和形态不规则的坚硬土。()
患者女性,42岁,反复发作右上腹疼痛2年。1天前进食油腻食物后出现右上腹持续性疼
肠外营养的并发症有下列哪一项A.静脉导管相关并发症 B.代谢性并发症 C.脏
对蛔虫、绦虫、蛲虫、鞭虫和血吸虫都有效的药物是A.使君子B.苦楝皮C.川楝子D.
与活动性狼疮患者有关的自身抗体是()。A.抗组蛋白抗体 B.抗RNP抗体
某建设工程项目,承包商在施工过程中发生如下费用:完成业主要求的合同外工程人工费5
按收入法核算工业增加值,以下说法正确的是()。A:工业增加值=固定资产折旧+劳动
过期产()。A.妊娠28周以前分娩 B.妊娠满28周不满37周分娩 C.妊娠
最新回复
(
0
)