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  3. WHAT CONTROLS FLOWERING (1) The timi

WHAT CONTROLS FLOWERING (1) The timi

游客2024-01-02  25
问题                                         WHAT CONTROLS FLOWERING
    (1) The timing of flowering and seed production is precisely tuned to a plant’s physiology and the rigors of its environment. In temperate climates, plants lost flowers early enough so that their seeds can mature before the deadly winds of fall. Depending on how quickly the seeds and food develop, flowering may occur in spring as it does in oaks; in summer as in lettuces; or even in fall as in asters.
    (2) What environmental cues do plants use to determine the seasons? Most cues such as temperature or water availability are quite variable: Fall can be warm; a late snow could fall in spring; also summer might be unusually cool and wet. So the only reliable cue is day length: longer days always mean that spring and summer are coming; shorter days foretell the onset of fall and winter.
    (3) With respect to flowering, botanists classify plants as day-neutral, long-day or short-day. A day-neutral plant flowers as soon as it has sufficiently grown and developed regardless of the length of day. The neutral plants include tomatoes, corn, snapdragons, and roses. Although the naming is traditional, long-day and short-day plants are better described as short-night and long-night plants because their flowering actually depends on the duration of continuous darkness rather than on day length. Short-night plants (which include lettuces, spinach, irises, clover and petunias) flower when the length of darkness is shorter than a species’ specific critical dark period. Long-night plants (including asters, potatoes, soybeans, goldenrod, and cockleburs) flower when the length of uninterrupted darkness is longer than the species’ specific critical dark period. Thus spinach is classified as a short-night plant because it flowers only if the night is shorter than 1I hours (its critical dark period), and the cocklebur is a long-night plant because it flowers only if an uninterrupted darkness lasts more than 8.5 hours. Both of these plants will flower with 10-hour nights.
    (4) Plant scientists can induce flowering in the cocklebur by exposing leaves to long nights (longer than its 8.5-hour critical dark period) in a special chamber, while the rest of the plant continues to experience short nights. Clearly, a signal that induces flowering transmitted from the leave to the flowering bud. Plant physiologists have been attempting for decades to isolate these elusive signaling molecules often called florigen (literally, flowering maker). Some researchers believe they are close to demonstrating a flower’s stimulating substance for specific type of plant. Using genetic manipulation, it is likely, however, that interactions among multiple and yet unidentified plant hormones stimulate or inhibit flowering, and that these chemicals may differ among plant species. Researchers have had more success in determining how plants measure the length of uninterrupted darkness, which is a crucial stimulus for producing whatever substance controls flowering.
    (5) To measure continuous darkness, a plant needs two things: some sort of metabolic clock to measure time (the duration of darkness) and a light detecting system to set the clock. Virtually all organisms have an internal biological clock that measures the time even without environmental cues. In most organisms including plants, the biological clock is poorly understood, but we know that the environmental cues, particularly light, can reset the clock. How do plants detect light? The light detecting system of plants is a pigment in leaves called phytochrome (literally, plant color).
    (6) Plants seem to use the phytochrome system in combination with their internal biological clocks to detect the duration of continuous darkness. Cockleburs, for example, flower under the schedule of 16 hours of darkness and 8 hours of light. However, interrupting the middle of the dark period with just a minute or two of light prevents flowering. [A] Thus their flowering is controlled by the length of continuous darkness. [B] It is evident that even brief exposure to sunlight or white light will reset their biological clocks. [C] The color of the light used for the light exposure is also important. A nighttime flash of pure red light inhibits flowering, while a flash of light at the far-red end of the spectrum has no effect on flowering, as if no light were detected. [D] [br] Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. But not all types of light will have this effect.
Where would the sentence best fit?
选项
答案 C
解析 需要插入的句子意为“并非所有种类的光都有此效应”。this effect表明前文应讲述了光可以产生的某种效应；而句首的But提示下文应该会指出什么光有这种效应，什么光没有。第6段第2、3句以cockleburs为例，说明long-night型植物的开花时间受制于持续的黑暗时长，光照可以重置它们的生物钟 (即第4、5句)，插入句子中的this effect，即指代第6段第4、5句所讲的“光照能重置植物生物钟”的效应。第6、7句讲述不同的光的效应。可见句子插在第5、6句之间逻辑合理，故选C处。第4、6句是由第2、3句所述情况推导出的结论，这几句中间均不宜被打断，故句子不宜插在A处和B处。若放在D处，则句子中的But与this effect在逻辑上均无法与上文合理衔接，故也不宜放在D处。
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