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MESOLITHIC COMPLEXITY IN SCANDINAVIA

游客2024-01-02  18
问题                                         MESOLITHIC COMPLEXITY IN SCANDINAVIA
    (1)The European Mesolithic (roughly the period from 8000 B.C. to 2700 B.C.) testifies to a continuity in human culture from the times of the Ice Age. [A] This continuity, however, was based on continuous adjustment to environmental changes following the end of the last glacial period (about 12,500 years ago). [B] Three broad subdivisions within the northern Mesolithic are known in Scandinavia. [C] The Maglemose Period (7500 B.C.—5700 B.C.) was a time of seasonal exploitation of rivers and lakes, combined with terrestrial hunting and foraging. [D] The sites from the Kongemose Period (5700 B.C.—4600 B.C.) are mainly on the Baltic Sea coasts, along bays and near lagoons, where the people exploited both marine and terrestrial resources. Many Kongemose sites are somewhat larger than Maglemose ones. The Ertebolle Period (4600 B.C.—3200 B.C.) was the culmination of Mesolithic culture in southern Scandinavia.
    (2) By the Ertebolle Period, the Scandinavia were occupying coastal settlements year-round and subsisting on a very wide range of food sources. These included forest game and waterfowl, shellfish, sea mammals, and both shallow-water and deepwater fish. There were smaller, seasonal coastal sites, too, for specific activities such as deepwater fishing, sealing, or hunting of migratory birds. One such site, the Aggersund site in Denmark, was occupied for short periods of time in the autumn, when the inhabitants collected oysters and hunted some game, especially migratory swans. Ertebolle technology was far more elaborate than that of its Mesolithic predecessors. A wide variety of antler, bone, and wood tools for socialized purposes such as fowling and sea-mammal hunting were developed, including dugout canoes up to ten meters long.
    (3) Sedentary settlement comes evidence of greater social complexity in the use of cemeteries for burials and changes in burial practices. The trend toward more sedentary settlement, the cemeteries, and the occasional social differentiation revealed by elaborate burials are all reflections of an intensified use of resources among these relatively affluent hunter-gatherers of 3000 B.C. Mesolithic societies that intensified the food quest by exploiting many more species, making productive use of migratory waterfowl and their breeding grounds, and collecting shellfish in enormous numbers. This intensification is also reflected in a much more elaborate and diverse technology, more exchanges of goods and materials between neighbors, greater variety in settlement types, and a slowly rising population throughout southern Scandinavia. These phenomena may, in part, be a reflection of rising sea levels throughout the Mesolithic that flooded many cherished territories. There are signs, too, of regional variations in artifact forms and styles, indicative of culture differences between people living in well-delineated territories and competing for resources.
    (4) Mesolithic cultures are much less well-defined elsewhere in Europe, partly because the climatic changes were less extreme than in southern Scandinavia and partly because there were fewer opportunities for coastal adaptation. In much of central Europe, settlement was confined to lakeside and riverside locations, widely separated from one another by dense forests. Marry Mesolithic lakeside sites were located in transitional zones between different environments so that the inhabitants could return to a central base location, where for much of the year they lived close to predictable resources such as lake fish However they would exploit both forest game and other seasonal resources from satellite camps. For example, the archaeologist Michael Jochim believes that some groups lived during most of the year in camps along the Danube River in central Europe, moving to summer encampments on the shores of neighboring lakes, In areas like Spain, there appears to have been intensified exploitation of marine and forest resources. There was a trend nearly everywhere toward greater variety in the diet, with more attention being paid to less obvious foods and to those that require more complex processing methods than do game and other such resources.
     (5) Thus, in part of Europe, there was a long-term trend among hunter-gatherer societies toward a more extensive exploitation of food resources, often within the context of a strategy that sought ways to minimize the impact of environmental uncertainty. In more favored southern Scandinavia, such societies achieved a new level of social complexity that was to become commonplace among later farming peoples, and this preadaptation proved an important catalyst for rapid economic and social changes when fanning did come to Europe. [br] An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Throughout the European Mesolithic, the trend was toward greater social complexity and greater exploitation of food resources.
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Answer Choices
(A) Early in Mesolithic, Maglemose hunter-gatherers arrived in Scandinavia from regions beyond the Baltic Sea and began to establish seasonal sites along bays and near lagoons.
(B) In Scandinavia, populations were growing and becoming more sedentary, leading to more elaborate burials and to exchanges of goods with other groups.
(C) Because most Mesolithic populations outside of Scandinavia were widely separated by deep forests, they tended to develop more economically and socially complex societies.
(D) By the end of the Mesolithic, Scandinavians had developed elaborate and specialized tools for exploiting a very wide range of food sources.
(E) Climate change forced southern Scandinavia to leave coastal areas and relocate to Central Europe, where they took advantage of food resources in dense forests and lakes.
(F) The stages of Mesolithic culture in Scandinavia, unlike those in other parts of Europe, are more distinct in part because climate changes were more extreme in Scandinavia.
选项
答案 B,D,F
解析 本题属于文章总结题。B项“在斯堪的纳维亚，人口不断地增长，定居的人口越来越多，于是隆重的葬礼变得更加多，与其他群体的商品交换变得更加频繁”是对第3段第1、2、3句的整合，用于说明社会趋向于复杂化，以及人们对资源开发利用的关键信息，故B项符合题意。D项“到中石器时代末期，斯堪的纳维亚人已经制出了复杂且专门的工具来开发非常丰富的食物来源”符合第2段最后一句的描述，也是用于说明人们对资源开发利用的关键信息，故选D项。F项“斯堪的纳维亚的中石器时代文化不同于欧洲其他地区的中石器时代文化，这在一定程度上是因为斯堪的纳维亚的气候变化更为极端”符合原文第4段第1句的说法，故选F项。A项“早在中石器时代，马格尔莫斯时期的狩猎者就从波罗的海以外的地区来到斯堪的纳维亚半岛，开始在海湾和渴湖附近建立季节性场所”，该选项的内容可定位到文中第1段第5句，对应的是孔格摩斯时期而不是马格尔莫斯时期，且没有提到是波罗的海以外的人来到这里进行选址的，故不选A项。C项 “由于斯堪的纳维亚半岛以外的大多数中石器时代人口被深林隔开，他们的经济和社会发展也会变得更为复杂”，文中没有提到森林的茂密程度和社会复杂程度有因果关系，故也排除C项。E项“气候变化迫使斯堪的纳维亚半岛南部的人们离开沿海地区，迁往中欧，在那里他们利用了茂密的森林和湖泊中的食物资源”中的Climate change forced…to leave“气候变化迫使……离开”在文中没有依据。
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