What is the discussion mainly about? [br] The professor categorizes joints by ho

游客2024-01-02  16

问题 What is the discussion mainly about? [br] The professor categorizes joints by how they are held together. Indicate whether each sentence below describes a synovial joint or a cartilaginous joint. Place a checkmark in the correct box.
Listen to part of a class discussion on the different types of joints. (F= Professor, T = Tony, L = Louise)
P: Now, I know that most of you are healthy individuals who participate in some sort of physical activities pretty regularly. Some of you jog, others bicycle. You might throw around the Frisbee with your friends, or rollerblade. Our movements are so easy and fluid that you may not have stopped to think that the system of joints that makes them possible is highly complex. A joint is the place where two or more bones connect, and because that’s the technical definition, it actually includes some places that don’t move. Since it’s movement that we’re interested in, I won’t spend much time on the immovable joints. They’re called fibrous joints. The reason is that… uh, well, they’re joined together by bone fibers. It’s kind of like welding or soldering two pieces of metal together. There are fibrous joints, for example, between the different bones that make up the top part of your skull. The bones don’t move, right? I’m talking about the top of your head—forget your jaw for a second. If your jaw had a fibrous joint, you couldn’t talk! The round dome of the skull is made of several bone plates with fibers holding them together. Okay, so those are the fibrous joints. The other joints, the ones we’re interested in, are movable. In a movable joint, the bones aren’t fused to each other. They’re held together with ligaments. Ligaments are long and flexible; they’re kind of like ropes or cables. But because the bones have to slide or rub over each other when the joint moves, it also needs to be cushioned against abrasion. These joints are categorized by the types of tissues used to keep them working smoothly. Cartilaginous joints have a tough, smooth lining over the parts of the bone. It’s like a pad or cushion; it protects the bone from friction that could wear it down or cause it to splinter. And, in fact, if this cartilage—the protective tissue is called cartilage—if it becomes worn or damaged, joint movement may be painful or severely restricted because now you have bone hitting bone. That’s because cartilaginous joints are tight; the bones fit very closely together—for example, the bones in your spine. Some joints require more movement. They’re called synovial joints. There has to be a space between the bones, a joint cavity. Those more mobile joints, in addition to being padded with cartilage, are lubricated with liquid that flows through the cavity. The knuckles of your fingers are examples of synovial joints. Of course, the fluid has to be held in place, otherwise it’ll seep into the surrounding tissues and be absorbed back into the body, and what holds it in place is a little membrane-lined sac called a bursa. So the joint is encased in this membrane, and the membrane is a pocket for that lubricating fluid. By the way, the fluid also keeps the joint nourished—it doesn’t have an independent blood supply in adults, so the fluid absorbs nutrients from the blood through the joint’s outer membrane. That’s a synovial joint. Tony, do you have a question?
T: Yeah, I’m kind of confused. When we learned about the joints in high school, I don’t remember talking about them this way. I thought we talked about them more like machines… uh, like, the directions in which they moved.
P: Uh-huh, we’re getting to that. Okay, now that we have joints categorized by how their surfaces are put together—fibrous, synovial, and cartilaginous—we can talk about how the movable joints actually move. I mentioned your knuckles a few minutes ago, and they’re good examples of hinge joints. They work kind of like the hinge on a door, so the joint can flex and extend in one direction only. But hinge joints aren’t the only movable joints in the body. The hip, as well as the shoulder, is an example of ball-and-socket joints. Ball-and-socket joints allow the greatest range of movement, and therefore, they have to be the most anatomically complex. In a ball-and-socket joint, one bone has a rounded knob at the end, and it fits snugly into the socket, a round cavity, of another bone. Ball-and-socket joints are a type characteristically found in more evolved creatures, such as apes and us humans. They allow you to move through 360 degrees of motion, the way you can wind your arm back before you throw a ball. While we’re at it, can anyone think of another type of joint?
L: Well, I know that when I rollerblade, I have to turn my head constantly to make sure I don’t crash into anyone. But the neck doesn’t seem to be an example of either a hinge joint or a ball-and-socket joint.
P: Good example, Louise. The neck is actually a type of pivot joints. Pivot joints permit rotation, the way you can twist your head around. Well, it doesn’t go all the way around, but it moves around your neck. It pivots on an axis.

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解析 题目要求考生分辨表格中的陈述描述的是滑膜关节(间接连结)还是软骨连结,第一个句子 “一种特殊的液体润滑和滋养关节”对应滑膜关节的表述: …are lubricated with liquid that flows through the cavity “……通过腔内流动的滑液来润滑”和the fluid also keeps the joint nourished“这种滑液还能维持滑膜关节的营养”,故勾选Synovial。第二个句子“骨头之间没有空隙”符合软骨连结的表述:cartilaginous joints are tight; the bones fit very closely together “软骨连结使得骨头非常紧密地连结在一起”。故勾选Cartilaginous。第三个句子“关节上覆盖着一层膜囊”符合滑膜关节的表述:what holds it in place is a little membrane-lined sac called a bursa“固定住它的是一个叫作滑囊的小膜囊”一致,故勾选Synovial。第四个句子“只有一层光滑的组织膜保护着骨头”与软骨连结的表述一致:Cartilaginous joints have a tough, smooth lining over the parts of the bone “通过软骨连结的部分骨头有一层坚硬光滑的膜”,故勾选Cartilaginous。第五个句子“关节活动受限”对应软骨连结的表述:由Some joints require more movement. They’re called synovial joints.“一些关节需要更大的活动度,它们被称为滑膜关节。”可知,此处将滑膜关节与软骨连结进行了对比(more movement),因为这句话前面一句提到软骨连结使骨头紧密连结在一起,接着这句话又说到滑膜关节需要更大的活动度,侧面说明相比之下,软骨连结的活动度不如滑膜关节的大,即软骨连结活动受限(limited movement),故勾选Cartilaginous。
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