The Republic of Ireland is a sovereign state in Western Europe, occupying abo

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问题    The Republic of Ireland is a sovereign state in Western Europe, occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, whose metropolitan area is home to around a quarter of the country’s 4.6 million inhabitants. The state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic with an elected president serving as head of state. The head of government is nominated by the lower house of parliament.
   Following the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty, Ireland gained effective independence from the United Kingdom in 1922. Initially a dominion within the British Empire, Ireland received official British recognition of full legislative independence in the Statute of Westminster of 1931. Anew constitution was adopted in 1937, by which the name of the state became Ireland. In 1949, Ireland was declared a republic under the Republic of Ireland Act 1948.
   Ireland ranks among the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita. After joining the European Economic Community in 1973, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth, coupled with a dramatic rise in inequality. The country achieved considerable prosperity from 1995 to 2007. This was halted by an unprecedented financial crisis that began in 2008, in conjunction with the concurrent global economic crash.
   In 2011 and 2013, Ireland was ranked as the seventh-most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index. It also performs well in freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. It pursues a policy of neutrality through non-alignment.
   The population of Ireland stood at 4,588,252 in 2011, an increase of 8.2 percent since 2006. As of 2011, Ireland had the highest birth rate in the European Union (16 births per 1,000 of population). In 2012, 35.1 percent of births were to unmarried women. Annual population growth rates exceeded 2 percent in the 2002-2006 period, which was attributed to high rates of natural increase and immigration. This rate declined somewhat during the subsequent 2006-2011 period, with an average annual growth rate of 1.6 percent.
   Ireland ranks fifth in the world in terms of gender equality. In 2011, Ireland was ranked the most charitable country in Europe, and second-most charitable in the world. Contraception was controlled in Ireland until 1979. However, the receding influence of the Catholic Church has led to an increasingly secularized society. In 1983, the Eighth Amendment recognized "the right to life of the unborn", subject to qualifications concerning the "equal right to life" of the mother. The passage of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments guarantees the right to have an abortion performed abroad, and the right to learn about "services" that are illegal in Ireland, but legal abroad. The prohibition on divorce in the 1937 Constitution was repealed in 1995 under the Fifteenth Amendment. Divorce rates in Ireland are very low compared to European Union averages while the marriage rate in Ireland is slightly above the European Union average.
   Capital punishment is constitutionally banned in Ireland, while discrimination based on age, gender, sexual orientation, marital or familial status, religion, and race is illegal.
   Ireland became the first country in the world to introduce an environmental levy for plastic shopping bags in 2002 and a public smoking ban in 2004. Recycling in Ireland is carried out extensively, and Ireland has the second-highest rate of packaging recycling in the European Union.

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答案     爱尔兰共和国是西欧的一个主权国家,国土面积约占爱尔兰岛的六分之五。首都都柏林是爱尔兰最大的城市,全国460万人口中,约有四分之一居住在都柏林市区。爱尔兰仅与北爱尔兰陆地接壤,是单一制议会制共和国,其总统为国家元首,由人民选举产生。政府首脑由众议院提名产生。
    爱尔兰在独立战争之后,签署了《英爱条约》(Anglo-Irish Treaty),并于1922年脱离英国获得独立。起初,爱尔兰只是大英帝国的一个自治领。1931年,英国通过了《威斯敏斯特条例》(Statute of Westminster),正式承认爱尔兰拥有完全独立的立法权。1937年,爱尔兰通过新宪法,把国名正式定为爱尔兰。1949年,爱尔兰通过《1948年爱尔兰共和国法案》(Republic of Ireland Act 1948),宣布成为共和国。
    按照人均国内生产总值计算,爱尔兰是世界上最富有的国家之一。1973年,爱尔兰在加入欧洲经济共同体后实行了一系列自由经济政策,促进了经济的快速增长,但也加剧了贫富差距。1995年至2007年间,爱尔兰经济欣欣向荣。然而,随着2008年空前的金融危机与全球性经济崩溃,这一良好的经济态势戛然而止。
    在2011年和2013年联合国发布的《人类发展报告》(United Nations Human Development Index)中,爱尔兰位列最发达国家第七位。在新闻自由、经济自由和公民自由等方面,爱尔兰表现出色。该国奉行不结盟的中立外交政策。
    2011年,爱尔兰人口为4 588 252人,与2006年相比增长了8.2%。截至2011年,爱尔兰的出生率为千分之十六,居欧盟之首。2012年,35.1%的新生儿是非婚生育的。2002年至2006年间,由于高自然增长率和移民涌入,爱尔兰年均人口增长率超过2%,但在随后的2006至2011年间,年均增长率略微下降,平均增长率为1.6%。
    在性别平等方面,爱尔兰排名世界第五。2011年,爱尔兰被评为欧洲最慈善国家第一名,世界最慈善国家第二名。1979年以前,爱尔兰一直对避孕进行管制。但随着天主教影响力的减弱,爱尔兰社会日趋世俗化。1983年通过的第八修正案规定,在保证“母亲平等生命权”的前提下,承认“胎儿享有生命权”。第十三和第十四修正案通过后,女性享有在国外堕胎的权利以及学习了解“堕胎服务”的权利。这种服务在爱尔兰是违法的,但在国外是合法的。1995年,第十五修正案废除了1937年《宪法》中禁止离婚的条款。与欧盟平均水平相比,爱尔兰的离婚率极低,结婚率则略高于欧盟平均水平。
    爱尔兰《宪法》禁止死刑,同时规定任何基于年龄、性别、性取向、婚姻或家庭状况、宗教、种族的歧视均属非法。
    2002年,爱尔兰成为世界上第一个对塑料购物袋征收环境税的国家,2004年又率先实行公共场所禁烟令。爱尔兰广泛开展废弃物回收活动,其包装物回收率在欧盟排名第二。

解析 1.It is a unitary,parliamentary republic with an elected president serving as head of state.爱尔兰是单一制议会制共和国,其总统为国家元首,由人民选举产生。
  分析  词性转换类
  本句中elected是过去分词作定语,相当于形容词,修饰president。如果保持elected词性不变,则译文为“爱尔兰是单一制议会制共和国,以当选的总统为国家元首”,译文不够通顺。根据上下文,为使前后语义连贯,翻译本句时可将elected译为动词,与后面信息一起处理,使信息表达更为圆满。
2.Initially a dominion within the British Empire,Ireland received official British recognition of full legislative independence in the Statute of Westminster of 1931.起初,爱尔兰只是大英帝国的一个自治领。1931年,英国通过了《威斯敏斯特条例》(Statute of Westminster),正式承认爱尔兰拥有完全独立的立法权。
  分析  专有名词类
  本句中Statute of Westminster是专有名词,译为《威斯敏斯特条例》,是在英帝国殖民体系瓦解的情况下,英国国会于1931年通过的有关英国与各自治领关系的立法。主要内容有:承认各自治领享有独立国家的地位;各自治领议会享有完全的立法权;各自治领对在当地有效的英国法律有废止和修改的权力;英国议会所制定的任何法律、条例等,除该自治领同意外,不作为该自治领法律的一部分而适用于该自治领。
3.In 1949,Ireland was declared a republic under the Republic of Ireland Act 1948.1949年,爱尔兰通过《1948年爱尔兰共和国法案》(Republic of Ireland Act 1948),宣布成为共和国。
  分析  句子结构类
  本句采取语态转换的译法和词性转换的译法。英语中常用被动语态,而汉语则常用主动语态。因此,句中的被动语态,在翻译过程中可根据汉语习惯,译为主动语态更为恰当。另外,可将介词under转换成动词,译为“通过”,以配合句意的整体表达。
4.After joining the European Economic Community in 1973,Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth,coupled with a dramatic rise in inequality.1973年,爱尔兰在加入欧洲经济共同体后实行了一系列自由经济政策,促进了经济的快速增长,但也加剧了贫富差距。
  分析  句子结构类
  本句中that引导的定语从句结构比较复杂,可拆成分句进行后置翻译处理。同时,根据上下文,rapid economic growth和a dramatic rise inequality之间逻辑关系不是并列而是转折,所以翻译时可增加“但”字,使逻辑更为清晰。需要注意的是,上述两个短语中的形容词与名词也可以一起转换词性,分别译为“促进了经济的快速增长”“加剧了贫富差距”,既保留了原文意义,又符合汉语的行文习惯。
5.The country achieved considerable prosperity from 1995 to 2007. 1995年至2007年间,爱尔兰经济欣欣向荣。
  分析  篇章理解类
  本句中the country指代的是爱尔兰,英译汉时,应根据上下文需要,将类似于state,country这些上义词还原,明确其所指。同时,achieved considerable prosperity可翻译为四字词语“欣欣向荣”,使行文更加顺畅贴切。
6.This was halted by an unprecedented financial crisis that began in 2008,in conjunction with the concurrent global economic crash.然而,随着2008年空前的金融危机与全球性经济崩溃,这一良好的经济态势戛然而止。
  分析  句子结构类
  本句主语this指上文中提到的considerable prosperity,在吃透原文的基础上可意译为“良好的经济态势”。本句是一个被动句,翻译时采用语态转换的译法,译为主动语态,原句中by an unprecedented financial crisis that began in 2008,in conjunction with the concurrent global economic crash可作状语处理,使句子的逻辑与重心更突出。
7.In 2011 and 2013,Ireland was ranked as the seventh-most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index.在2011年和2013年联合国发布的《人类发展报告》(United Nations Human Development Index)中,爱尔兰位列最发达国家第七位。
  分析  专有名词类
  本句中Human Development Index是专有名词,1990年,联合国开发计划署创立了人类发展指数(HDI),即以“预期寿命、教育水平和生活质量"三项基础变量,按照一定的计算方法,得出的综合指标,并在当年的《人类发展报告》中发布。1990年以来,人类发展指标已在指导发展中国家制定相应发展战略方面发挥了极其重要的作用。之后,联合国开发计划署每年都发布世界各国的人类发展指数(HDI),并在《人类发展报告》中用它来衡量各个国家的人类发展水平。
8.The passage of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments guarantees the right to have an abortion performed abroad,and the right to learn about“services”that are illegal in Ireland,but legal abroad.第十三和第十四修正案通过后,女性享有在国外堕胎的权利以及学习了解“堕胎服务”的权利。这种服务在爱尔兰是违法的,但在国外是合法的。
  分析  句子结构类
  本句中services后面含有定语从句,翻译时如采用前置法,译为“有权了解这种在爱尔兰非法但在海外合法的服务”,则过于冗长繁复,且不符合中文读者的表达习惯。因此,本句可采用断句译法,重复先行词,译成后置的并列分句。
9.Capital punishment is constitutionally banned in Ireland,while discrimination based on age,gender,sexual orientation,marital or familial status,religion and race is illegal.爱尔兰《宪法》禁止死刑,同时规定任何基于年龄、性别、性取向、婚姻或家庭状况、宗教、种族的歧视均属非法。
  分析  词性转换类
  本句中constitutionally为副词,意为“宪法上地”,如果直译为“按照宪法,死刑在爱尔兰是被禁止的”,则译文显得哕唆,不妨将constitutionally转为名词,译为“爱尔兰《宪法》禁止死刑”,更为简明扼要。
10.Ireland became the first country in the world to introduce an environmental levy for plastic shopping bags in 2002 and a public smoking ban in 2004.2002年,爱尔兰成为世界上第一个对塑料购物袋征收环境税的国家,2004年又率先实行公共场所禁烟令。
  分析  增词减词类
  本句中introduce有两个宾语,一个是an environmental levy for plastic shopping bags in 2002,另一个是a public smoking ban in 2004。翻译时可增加“实行”“率先”等词,可避免重复“成为……第一个国家”,并使行文层次更加清晰。
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