2. 职称英语
  3. Because early man viewed illness as divine punishment and healing as purifica

Because early man viewed illness as divine punishment and healing as purifica

游客2023-12-31  16
问题    Because early man viewed illness as divine punishment and healing as purification, medicine and religion were inextricably linked for centuries. This notion is apparent in the origin of our word "pharmacy, " which comes from the Greek pharmakon, meaning "purification through purging."
   By 3500 B.C., the Sumerians in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley had developed virtually all of our modern methods of administering drugs. They used gargles, inhalations, pills, lotions, ointments, and plasters. The first drug catalog, or pharmacopoeia, was written at that time by an unknown Sumerian physician. Preserved in cuneiform script on a single clay tablet are the names of dozens of drugs to treat ailments that still afflict us today.
   The Egyptians added to the ancient medicine chest. The Ebers papyrus, a scroll dating from the 1900 B.C. and named after the German Egyptologist George Ebers, reveals the trial-and-error know-how acquired by early Egyptian physicians. To relieve indigestion, a chew of peppermint leaves and carbonates (known today as antacids) was prescribed, and to numb the pain of tooth extraction, Egyptian doctors temporarily stupefied a patient with ethyl alcohol. The scroll also provides a rare glimpse into the hierarchy of ancient drug preparation. The "chief of the preparers of drugs" was the equivalent of a head pharmacist, who supervised the "collectors of drugs, " field workers who gathered essential minerals and herbs. The "preparers’ aides, " (technicians) dried and pulverized ingredients, which were blended according to certain formulas by the "preparers." And the "conservator of drugs" oversaw the storehouse where local and imported mineral, herb and animal-organ ingredients were kept.
   By the 7th century B.C., the Greeks had adopted a sophisticated mind-body view of medicine. They believed the physician must pursue the diagnosis and treatment of the physical (body) causes of disease within a scientific framework, as well as cure the supernatural (mind) components involved. Thus, the early Greek physician emphasized something of a holistic approach to health, even if the suspected "mental" causes of disease were not recognized as stress and depression, but interpreted as curses from displeased deities.
   The modern era of pharmacology began in the 16th century, ushered in by the first major discoveries in chemistry. The understanding of how chemicals interact to produce certain effects within the body would eventually remove much of the guesswork and magic from medicine. Drugs had been launched on a scientific course, but centuries would pass before superstition was displaced by scientific fact. One major reason was that physicians, unaware of the existence of disease-causing pathogens, continued to dream up imaginary causative evils. And though new chemical compounds emerged, their effectiveness in treating disease was still based largely on trial and error. Many standard, common drugs in the medicine chest were developed in this trial-and-error environment. Such is the complexity of disease and human biochemistry that even today, despite enormous strides in medical science, many of the latest sophisticated additions to our medicine chest shelves were accidental finds. [br] It is possible to identify a number of early Sumerian drugs because______.
选项 A、a European pharmacopoeia contained detailed recipes for ancient drugs
B、a list of drugs was written by an unknown Sumerian physician
C、the ancient Egyptians adopted the same medications
D、Sumerian religious books explained many drug-making techniques
答案 B
解析    细节识别。第二段第一句“早在公元前3500年，幼发拉底河一底格里斯河流域的苏美尔人就已经研发出现代的几乎所有的用药方法”为主题句，然后“the first drug catalog，or pharmacopoeia，was written at that time by an unknown Sumerian physician”进行证明，故选B。【知识拓展】从写作逻辑(段落逻辑)看，本段属于主题句——论证结构，即下文是对主题句的证明，经常采用例证。题干要求找出能够识别(identify)或证明早期苏美尔人药学的可能性的原因(或证据)，其所写药物名录(a list of drugs)就是最好的例证。
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