2. 职称英语
  3. If there is any endeavor whose fruits should be freely available, that endeav

If there is any endeavor whose fruits should be freely available, that endeav

游客2023-12-26  33
问题    If there is any endeavor whose fruits should be freely available, that endeavor is surely publicly financed science. Morally, taxpayers who wish to should be able to read about it without further expense. And science advances through cross-fertilization between projects. Barriers to that exchange slow it down.
   There is a widespread feeling that the journal publishers who have mediated this exchange for the past century or more are becoming an impediment to it. One of the latest converts is the British government. Recently it announced that, the results of taxpayer-financed research would be available, free and online, for anyone to read and redistribute.
   Britain’s government is not alone. Soon the European Union followed suit. In the U.S., the National Institutes of Health (NIH, the single biggest source of civilian research funds in the world) has required open-access publishing since 2008. And the Wellcome Trust, a British foundation that is the world’s second-biggest charitable source of scientific money, after the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, also insists that those who receive its support should make their work available free.
   Criticism of journal publishers usually boils down to two things. One is that their processes take months, when the Internet could enable them to take days. The other is that because each paper is like a mini-monopoly, which workers in the field have to read if they are to advance their own research, there is no incentive to keep the price down. The publishers thus have scientists — or, more accurately, their universities, which pay the subscriptions — in an armlock. That, combined with the fact that the raw material (manuscripts of papers) is free, leads to generous returns. In 2011, Elsevier, a large Dutch publisher, made a profit of ￡768 million on revenues of ￡2.06 billion — a margin of 37 percent. Indeed, Elsevier’s profits are thought so egregious by many people that 12,000 researchers have signed up to boycott the company’s journals.
   Publishers do provide a service. They organize peer reviews, in which papers are criticized anonymously by experts (though those experts, like the authors of papers, are seldom paid for what they do). They also sort the scientific sheep from the goats, by deciding what gets published, and where. That gives the publishers huge power. Since researchers, administrators and grant-awarding bodies all take note of which work has got through this filtering mechanism, the competition to publish in the best journals is intense, and the system becomes self-reinforcing, increasing the value of those journals still further.
   But not, perhaps, for much longer. Support has been swelling for open-access scientific publishing: doing it online, in a way that allows anyone to read papers free of charge. The movement started among scientists themselves, but governments are paying attention and asking whether they might also benefit from the change.
   Much remains to be worked out. Some fear the loss of the traditional journals’ curation and verification of research. Even Sir Mark Walport, the director of the Wellcome Trust and a fierce advocate of open-access publication, worries that the newly liberated papers have ended up in different places rather than being consolidated in the way they want.
   A revolution, then, has begun. Technology permits it; researchers and politicians want it. If scientific publishers are not trembling in their boots, they should be. [br] According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true?
选项 A、Mini-monopoly seems to advance scientific research.
B、Subscription is a major source of margins for the journals.
C、Publishers make great profits by keeping the price down.
D、Researchers subscribe to journals to receive free manuscripts.
答案 B
解析 推断题。该类题型通过选项定位寻找正确答案。根据关键词mini-monopoly，subscription，publishers，manuscripts定位到原文相关句子后，将四个选项的语义与其对比后可知，符合题意的只有B(期刊收入的主要来源是客户订阅)，因为原文提到“因此出版商掌控了科学家，更准确地说，是科学家任职的大学，它们需要花钱订阅学术期刊”，故选B。
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